A discussion on the structure and evolution of the Red Sea and the nature of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Ethiopia rift junction - A review of Red Sea heat flow

1970 ◽  
Vol 267 (1181) ◽  
pp. 191-203 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
The World ◽  
Brine Pools ◽  
Deep Exploration ◽  
Made In

There are now twelve heat flow measurements in the Red Sea made with heat flow probes from survey ships and several sets of temperature measurements made in deep exploration boreholes. The oceanic measurements are in water depths ranging from 0.94 to 2.70 km and all but one of these measurements give values significantly higher than the world mode of 46 mW m -2 (1.1 ). They include the world record high oceanic measurement of more than 3307 mW m -2 (79.0) in the neighbourhood of the hot brine pools. These measurements show that the deep axial trough of the Red Sea is associated with high heat flow, the values being similar to those found in the mid-Indian Ocean rift, the mid-Atlantic rift and over the crest of the East Pacific rise. It is of considerable interest to see if there is also high heat flow over the Red Sea margins and the main purpose of this paper is to examine temperature data from deep exploration boreholes. The boreholes are drilled mainly in rock salt, sandstones and shales. A discussion is given of the thermal conductivities assumed for these rocks. The boreholes have depths of up to 4 km and in some cases the temperature measurements enable an estimate to be made of the heat flow. These are also found to be high. The significance of the high heat flow to ideas concerning the structure and evolution of the Red Sea is discussed.

scholarly journals Crustal heat flow measurements in western Anatolia from borehole equilibrium temperatures

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Erkan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Direct Measurements

Abstract. Results of a crustal heat flow analysis in western Anatolia based on borehole equilibrium temperatures and rock thermal conductivity data are reported. The dataset comprises 113 borehole sites that were collected in Southern Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkey in 1995–1999. The measurements are from abandoned water wells with depths of 100–150 m. Data were first classed in terms of quality, and the low quality data, including data showing effects of hydrologic disturbances on temperatures, were eliminated. For the remaining 34 sites, one meter resolution temperature-depth curves were carefully analyzed for determination of the background geothermal gradients, and any effects of terrain topography and intra-borehole fluid flow were corrected when necessary. Thermal conductivities were determined either by direct measurements on representative surface outcrop or estimated from the borehole lithologic records. The calculated heat flow values are 85–90 mW m−2 in the northern and central parts of the Menderes horst-graben system. Within the system, the highest heat flow values (> 100 mW m−2) are observed in the northeastern part of Gediz Graben, near Kula active volcanic center. The calculated heat flow values are also in agreement with the results of studies on the maximum depth of seismicity in the region. In the Menderes horst-graben system, surface heat flow is expected to show significant variations as a result of active sedimentation and thermal refraction in grabens, and active erosion on horst detachment zones. High heat flow values (90–100 mW m−2) are also observed in the peninsular (western) part of Çanakkale province. The heat flow anomaly here may be an extension of the high heat flow zone previously observed in the northern Aegean Sea. Moderate heat flow values (60–70 mW m−2) are observed in eastern part of Çanakkale and central part of Balıkesir provinces.

The world-wide oceanic rise-ridge system

1965 ◽  
Vol 258 (1088) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
World Wide ◽  
High Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Normal Faulting ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flood Basalts ◽  
The World ◽  
Ridge System

About half the length of the * oceanic ’ rise-ridge system is centred in ocean basins. On the other hand, almost the whole system is approximately disposed in circles around continental shields. Exceptional heating of the system is indicated by high heat flow and the extrusion of extraordinary volumes of flood basalts. The concentration of volcanoes, however, is little greater than normal for ocean basins. Longitudinal normal faulting and transverse wrench faulting are characteristic of the system. Both types formed early in the life of the system and are still active. Wrench faults offset belts of normal faulting and the crests of rises and ridges in many places but are not themselves known to be offset by normal faults. The ancient Darwin Rise has subsided in the southwestern Pacific. Its history differs in some respects from other rises although it too was heated and faulted. A hypothesis of origin of the system is briefly discussed.

Heat flow measurements under some lakes in the Superior Province of the Canadian Shield

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1951-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Allis ◽  
G. D. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Heat Flows ◽  
Climatic Variations ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Flow Heat ◽  
Lateral Heat ◽  
Made In

Six heat flow values have been obtained from measurements made in the sediments of thermally-stable lakes in four major structural belts of northwestern Ontario. Each heat flow is the average of measurements from 3–6 neighbouring lakes. Corrections for the thermal history, lateral heat flow, sedimentation, and refraction effects have been applied. High heat flows which were measured in the Quetico gneiss superbelt (77 mW/m2) and on the Indian Lake intrusion in the Wabigoon superbelt (64 mW/m2) are related to above-average heat productivities at these locations, but the extent in depth of the sources is shown to be very different in the two cases. The consistency of the lake results with borehole measurements, on a heat flow – heat productivity plot, strongly suggests that the former are not perturbed by recent climatic variations.

scholarly journals Positive geothermal anomalies in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age offshore Kamchatka

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 453-476
Author(s):  
G. Delisle
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Oceanic Crust ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Bathymetric Data

Abstract. Heat flow measurements were carried out in 2009 offshore Kamchatka during the German-Russian joint-expedition KALMAR. An area with elevated heat flow in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age – detected ~30 years ago in the course of several Russian heat flow surveys – was revisited. One previous interpretation postulated anomalous lithospheric conditions or a connection between a postulated mantle plume at great depth (> 200 km) as the source for the observed high heat flow. However, the positive heat flow anomaly – as our bathymetric data show – is closely associated with the fragmentation of the western flank of the Meiji Seamount into a horst and graben structure, initiated during descend of the oceanic crust into the subduction zone offshore Kamchatka. This paper offers an alternative interpretation, which connects high heat flow primarily with natural convection of fluids in the fragmented rock mass and, as a potential additional factor, high rates of erosion, for which evidence is available from our collected bathymetric image. Given high erosion rates, warm rock material at depth rises to nearer the sea floor, where it cools and causes temporary elevated heat flow.

scholarly journals Positive geothermal anomalies in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age offshore Kamchatka

Solid Earth ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
G. Delisle
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Oceanic Crust ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Alternative Interpretation ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Bathymetric Data

Abstract. Heat flow measurements were carried out in 2009 offshore Kamchatka during the German-Russian joint-expedition KALMAR. An area with elevated heat flow in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age – detected ~30 yr ago in the course of several Russian heat flow surveys – was revisited. One previous interpretation postulated anomalous lithospheric conditions or a connection between a postulated mantle plume at great depth (>200 km) as the source for the observed high heat flow. However, the positive heat flow anomaly – as our bathymetric data show – is closely associated with the fragmentation of the western flank of the Meiji Seamount into a horst and graben structure initiated during descent of the oceanic crust into the subduction zone offshore Kamchatka. This paper offers an alternative interpretation, which connects high heat flow primarily with natural convection of fluids in the fragmented rock mass and, as a potential additional factor, high rates of erosion, for which evidence is available from our collected bathymetric image. Given high erosion rates, warm rock material at depth rises to nearer the sea floor, where it cools and causes temporary elevated heat flow.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Near 45 °N. XVIII. Heat Flow Measurements

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hyndman ◽  
D. S. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Flow Profile ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Flow Zone ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Crustal Rocks ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Sediment Cover ◽  
Lower Crustal

Eighteen heat flow measurements on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in the detailed study area between 45 and 46 °N, have a pattern of low values up to 20 km from the median valley, high heat flow 30 to 40 km away, low values again 50 to 100 km away, finally increasing to normal heat flow at great distances. The smoothed heat flow profile is everywhere lower than that predicted by theoretical cooling plate models.It is concluded that convective water flow in the fractured, porous crustal rocks of the ridge is responsible for the low heat flow near the crest. Higher values (at 30 to 40 km from the crest) occur when the sediment cover is sufficient to cut off communication between the crust and seawater. The low heat flow zone at 50 to 100 km from the crest can be explained by heat required to warm the convectively cooled crust when the rocks are sealed and circulation stops, and by the heat absorbed in lower crustal metamorphic reactions.

High heat flow at the SW passive margin of the Gulf of California

Terra Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Maria Prol‐Ledesma ◽  
Juan Luis Carrillo De La Cruz ◽  
Marco‐Antonio Torres‐Vera ◽  
Alejandro Estradas‐Romero
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Gulf Of California ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Passive Margin ◽  
High Heat Flow

A heat-flow reconnaissance of southeastern Alaska

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Sass ◽  
L. A. Lawver ◽  
R. J. Munroe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Thermal Spring ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Transform Fault ◽  
High Heat Flow ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
Late Tertiary ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Strain Heating

Heat flow was measured at nine sites in crystalline and sedimentary rocks of southeastern Alaska. Seven of the sites, located between 115 and 155 km landward of the Queen Charlotte – Fairweather transform fault, have an average heat flow of 59 ± 6 mW m−2. This value is significantly higher than the mean of 42 mW m−2 in the coastal provinces between Cape Mendocino and the Queen Charlotte Islands, to the south, and is lower than the mean of 72 ± 2 mW m−2 for 81 values within 100 km of the San Andreas transform fault, even farther south. This intermediate value suggests the absence of significant heat sinks associated with Cenozoic subduction and of heat sources related to either late Cenozoic tectono-magmatic events or significant shear-strain heating. At Warm Springs Bay, 75 km from the plate boundary, an anomalously high heat flow of 150 mW m−2 can most plausibly be ascribed to the thermal spring activity from which its name is derived. At Quartz Hill, 240 km landward of the plate boundary, a value of 115 mW m−2 might indicate a transition to a province of high heat flow resulting from late Tertiary and Quaternary extension and volcanism.

scholarly journals High heat flow in the trans-Hudson Orogen, Central Canadian Shield

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (21) ◽  
pp. 3027-3030 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Guillou-Frottier ◽  
C. Jaupart ◽  
J. C. Mareschal ◽  
C. Gariépy ◽  
G. Bienfait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
High Heat Flow
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