Diagenetic modification of kerogens

1985 ◽  
Vol 315 (1531) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Recent Sediments ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Kerogen is the part of sedimentary organic matter that is not petroleum. It can be isolated by using acid destruction of minerals, except in recent sediments where this procedure results in important hydrolysis reactions. Whether the scale of observation is microscopic or molecular, kerogens are heterogeneous mixtures whose compositions vary according to the sedimentation medium. However, they can be globally characterized by their H : C and O : C ratios. Diagenetic modification is a thermodynamically oriented process that consists of passing from complicated chemical structures inherited from living organisms or created during sedimentation to simple stable molecules. However, it is kinetically controlled by the thermal history of the sediment during burial. Three main steps are distinguished. (i) Diagenesis, where O :C decreases and CO 2 and H 2 O are released. (ii) Catagenesis, where H : C decreases and petroleum and then gas are produced. (iii) Metagenesis, which consists of structural reorganization of the carbonaceous residue with little change in the elemental analysis. Modification can be followed by observing characteristic changes in physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals Physical properties and particle-size fractions of soil organic matter in crop-livestock integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Tirloni ◽  
Antonio Carlos Tadeu Vitorino ◽  
Anderson Cristian Bergamin ◽  
Luiz Carlos Ferreira de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Crop-livestock integration represents an interesting alternative of soil management, especially in regions where the maintenance of cover crops in no-tillage systems is difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties, based on the hypothesis that a well-managed crop-livestock integration system improves the soil quality and stabilizes the system. The experiment was set up in a completely randomized design, with five replications. The treatments were arranged in a 6 x 4 factorial design, to assess five crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration, and native forest as reference of soil undisturbed by agriculture, in four layers (0.0-0.05; 0.05-0.10; 0.10-0.15 and 0.15-0.20 m). The crop rotation systems in crop-livestock integration promoted changes in soil physical and chemical properties and the effects of the different systems were mainly detected in the surface layer. The crops in integrated crop-livestock systems allowed the maintenance of soil carbon at levels equal to those of the native forest, proving the efficiency of these systems in terms of soil conservation. The systems influenced the environmental stability positively; the soil quality indicator mineral-associated organic matter was best related to aggregate stability.

Composting winery wastes with clinoptilolite. Suitability for land application.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chronis Kolovos ◽  
Maria Doula ◽  
Stamatios Kavasilis ◽  
Georgios Zagklis ◽  
Gerasimos Tsitselis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Winery Waste ◽  
And Chemical Properties

<p>Soil application of raw winery wastes is a procedure of doubtful appropriateness, mainly because of waste properties, i.e. very acidic pH; high electrical conductivity; and high content of polyphenols. The disposal of winery waste on soils may cause various environmental and health hazards as for example soil overloading with polyphenols and salts, phytotoxicity to plants, odor nuisance etc. Pathogens, which may still be present in the decomposed material could spread plants and soil diseases, while waste piles attract insects, pests, domestic rodents and wildlife which may threaten public and animal health. Despite these facts, many wine producers discharge winery waste to the nearby agricultural or forest ecosystems, without treatment although this type of agricultural waste could be a significant source of organic matter and nutrients.</p><p> </p><p>In general, degradation of winery waste is a slow procedure which becomes even slower under the xerothermic climatic conditions in Greece, which may slow down the microbially mediated decomposition of organic matter and nutrients cycling; degradation of winery waste piles takes more than 5 years to be completed naturally. However, the final products are of doubtful appropriateness for fertilization use, mainly because of low quality organic matter and low nutrients content (lost mainly due to the exposure of piles to uncontrolled environmental conditions for years).</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to highlight the advantages of composting winery wastes by using also other agricultural wastes and additives as feedstock to produce a safe and environment friendly compost, appropriate for application to agricultural ecosystems. For this a 41 hectares vineyard in North Greece of about 400 tn grapes yield annually and generation of approximately 100 tn of waste was selected. Winery waste was collected after harvesting and wine-making period of 2018 and composted with cow manure, wheat straw and clinoptilolite up to 5%.</p><p> </p><p>Composting phase lasted 5 months, and during this period the pile was monitored as regard temperature, moisture and oxygen content. After composting completion, the final product was fully characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties, considering national legislation organic materials reuse on soils. The outcomes of this study show a great potential for managing such waste types by composting using clinoptilolite in the feedstock materials since the final product has suitable physical and chemical properties for many crops, i.e. slight alkaline pH, low electrical conductivity, low polyphenol content and high content of available nutrient, therefore can be used as soil amendment or organic fertilizer.</p>

Control of soil development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
C.T. Dyrness ◽  
G.M. Marion ◽  
R. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Soil Particle Size ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Alluvial soils on the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska, were examined for development of physical and chemical properties in relation to soil depth and across a 200-year vegetation development sequence. Development was mediated by ecosystem controls including successional time, vegetation, terrace height, soil physical and chemical properties, and microclimate. These controls interact and are conditioned by the state factors time, flora, topography, parent material, and climate, respectively. On early-successional (<5 years) lower alluvial surfaces, terrace height above groundwater, soil particle size, and microclimate (through soil surface evaporation) interacted through capillary rise to produce salt-affected surface soil. Calcium salts of carbonate and sulfate were the principal chemicals encountered in these soils. Establishment of a vegetation cover between 5 and 10 years introduced evapotranspiration as a new mechanism, along with capillarity, to control moisture suction gradients. In addition, newly formed surface litter layers further helped eliminate evaporation and formation of high salt content surface soil. Continued sedimentation raised terrace elevation, so on older terraces only infrequent flood events influenced soil development. Moreover, in these successional stages, only the highest river stages raised groundwater levels, so transpiration and capillarity influenced water movement to tree root systems. During the first 25–30 years of succession, plant deposition of organic matter and nitrogen, associated with the growth of alder, markedly changed soil properties. Nearly 60% (or 240 g•m−2) of the 400 g•m−2 nitrogen encountered at 100 years was accumulated during this early period. After 100 years of vegetation development, soil carbonate content dropped to about half the peak values of about 1600 g•m−2 encountered between 4 and 25 years. By the time white spruce was the dominant forest type at 180 years, carbonate carbon declined to about 500 g•m−2, one-third that of the 1600 g•m−2 high. By this time surface soil pH declined from high values of 7.5 to between 5.5 and 6.0. Organic carbon continued to accumulate to about 6300 g•m−2 in the white spruce stage, twice that encountered in the alder–poplar stage at 25 years. Indices of moisture retention were most strongly related to either soil particle size (low moisture tension and available moisture range) or vegetation-mediated soil organic matter content (high moisture tension). Cation exchange capacity was most strongly related to a vegetation-mediated index of organic matter (OM) content (%N, %C, or %OM).

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE BIOCARVÃO A PARTIR DE BIOSSÓLIDOS ARMAZENADOS EM BAG’s GEOTÊXTEIS NO MUNICÍPIO DE RANCHARIA -SP

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
Beatriz Regina de Ângelo ◽  
Rafaela Pelegrini Vital ◽  
Marcelo Rodrigo Alves ◽  
Jaqueline Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Melissa Arantes Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Pyrolysis Process ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Stable Material ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Sewage sludge refers to a nutrient-rich by-product and organic matter from treatment plants and has become a challenge for many research segments to find a rational and sustainable destination for this material. In this context, the carbonization of biomass (by the pyrolysis process) results in biochar, characterized by a very stable material with specific physical and chemical properties and can represent a very important tool for this challenge. Thus, the objective of the present work was to transform, bypyrolysis process, small portions of the biosolid generated in Rancharia ETE into biochar. In addition, both the biosolid and the generated bicarbons were subjected to physical, chemical and structural analyzes in order to proceed with their respective characterization. From the analysis, it was found that the treatment submitted to temperature of 550°C as the best option for possible applications.Keywords:biosolid; pyrolysis; biochar.

GENESE D’UN HORIZON PROFOND FAIBLEMENT CIMENTE DANS UN PODZOL SABLEUX DES BASSES TERRES DU QUEBEC

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. PAGE ◽  
M. ROMPRE ◽  
G. A. BOURBEAU ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Iron Aluminum ◽  
Sandy Deposit ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Micromorphological Analysis ◽  
And Chemical Properties

An Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol formed on a sandy deposit in the St. Lawrence lowlands exhibited a weakly cemented horizon at depth. Weathering of minerals was active mainly in the upper Ae horizon and released large amounts of iron, aluminum and silica. These elements migrated down the profile as organo-metallic complexes and accumulated as concretions in the podzolic B-horizons but also in the cemented horizon at depth. Micromorphological analysis showed that this latter horizon had a chlamydic/plectic assemblage. A comparison was made with other horizons found at depth in various profiles and differing from this one by their macro- and micromorphological, physical and chemical properties. The relative content of the various constituents of the cement was calculated. The sum of organic matter plus free sesquioxides ranged from 7 to 85%. There are apparent similarities in the formation of ortstein and duric horizons. The results serve to establish the concept of "ortstein-duric horizon-fragic horizon" intergrades in weakly cemented horizons found at depth in many Quebec soils.

The Impact of Different Grazing Intensity on Topsoil Physical and Chemical Properties in Xilamuren Grassland

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 2090-2096
Author(s):  
Yi Fang ◽  
Xiao Jia Li ◽  
Cong Cong Chen ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Rui Ping Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Grassland is an important ecosystem in land surface. Soil is the basis of grassland ecosystem, and the changes of its properties directly affect grassland ecosystem. The study region is located in Xilamuren grassland using the methods of field sampling and experimental analysis. It was divided into four test areas according to grazing intensity. Soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed in each test area. The results showed that: the trend of soil water content decreased and then increased with increasing grazing intensity, soil water content in repaired grassland was the lowest. For the soil mechanical composition, particle size content increased first and then decreased with increasing grazing intensity when the particle size was 1-0.05mm. The difference between the highest and lowest values was obvious. When the particle size was 0.05-0.002mm, the trend of particle size fluctuated, first decreased and then increased, finally reduce again and the difference between the highest and lowest values was obvious. When the particle size was less than 0.002mm, the trend of particle size content increased with increasing grazing intensity. In soil chemical properties, soil organic matter appears downward trend overall as grazing intensity increase. Soil organic matter content was the lowest in repaired grass. Available N and P first decreased and then increased with increasing grazing intensity, the minimum values appeared in the repaired grassland and degraded grassland respectively. Available K content increased with increasing grazing intensity.

scholarly journals Changes of soils properties in the process of spontaneous afforestation of arable land in the territory of the Upper Dnister Beskid (Ukrainian Carpathians)

2017 ◽  
pp. 382-389
Author(s):  
Iryna Shpakivska ◽  
Ivanna Storozhuk
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Closed Forest ◽  
Actual Acidity ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Hydrolytic Acidity

The peculiarities soil transformation of stages of the spontaneous afforestation in the Upper Dnister Beskid region were evaluated. The afforestation ecosystems represented series of restoration succession of forest ecosystems: arable land → ruderal stage → grassland stage → shrub stage → closed forest. The changes of the basic physical and chemical properties of the brown soils of the Upper Dniester Beskid of different stages of the afforestation within the transect of v. Gvozdenec and v. Topilnytca (Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region) were investigated. It was established that the process of spontaneous afforestation of arable land on the territory of the Upper Dniester Beskid causes an increase in actual, potential and hydrolytic acidity in the direction from the arable land to the closed forest, as well as an increase in the amount of organic matter in the forest soils compared with the arable land. Want of agricultural cultivation of the territory and the process of spontaneous afforestation an increase in the content of organic acids and salts, in particular carbon (H2CO3), in the upper horizons of the soil, which leads to changes in the actual acidity in the soil profi le. In the direction from the arable land to the closed forest there are increases in the actual acidity. Spontaneous afforestation, especially due to coniferous trees, causes a change in the amount of hydrogen and aluminum in the soil solution. The upper humus horizons had higher hydrolytic acidity than humus transitions horizons, which is related plants fall on the soil surface and the redistribution of chemical elements in the soil profile. In post-arable soils, the amount of organic carbon increases due to want of organic fertilization with the economic part of the crops and its annual input from plant fallout. It was established that the arable plots content of organic matter is 2,97–3,32 % in forest areas – 4,02–4,30 %. Key words: brown soils, physical and chemical properties, afforestation, Upper Dnister Beskid.

scholarly journals Pemberian Kirinyuh (Cromolaena odorata L.) sebagai Mulsa Organik pada Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L.) serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Tanah

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Nasrullah Nasrullah ◽  
Syakur Syakur ◽  
Hasanuddin Hasanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Mulch ◽  
Ground Support ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstrak :Gulma kirinyuh sangat berpotensi untuk dijadikan pupuk organik karena kandungan unsur  hara dalam jaringannya yang tinggi. Biomassa kirinyuh memiliki kandungan hara N 2,65%, P 0,53% dan K 1,9% sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber hara yang potensial dalam upaya peningkatan produksi kedelai dan perbaikan kesuburan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanah yang sesuai dalam menunjang produksi tanaman kedelai akibat dari penambahan bahan organik kirinyuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tanah yang sesuai dalam menunjang produksi tanaman kedelai akibat dari penambahan bahan organik kirinyuh. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial yang terdiri atas 2 (dua) faktor dengan pola 4 x 3 sehingga diperoleh 12 kombinasi perlakuan. Faktor pertama adalah dosis mulsa organik kirinyuh (D), terdiri atas 4 (empat) taraf yaitu: D0 = 0 ton ha-1, D1 = 6 ton ha-1, D2 = 12 ton ha-1, D3 = 18 ton ha-1. Faktor kedua adalah waktu aplikasi mulsa organik kirinyuh (W) terdiri atas 3 (tiga) taraf yaitu saat tanam (W1), 1 minggu setelah tanam (W2), 2 minggu setelah tanam (W3). Peubah fisika dan kimia tanah yang diamati meliputi bulk density, stabilitas agregat tanah, kapasitas tukar kation dan kejenuhan basa.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dosis mulsa organik kirinyuh berpengaruh sangat nyata  terhadap sifat fisika tanah yaitu bulk density. Dosis mulsa organik kirinyuh 6 - 18 ton ha-1 menurunkan nilai bulk density namun tidak meningkatkan stabilitas agregat tanah. Waktu aplikasi mulsa organik kirinyuh yang awal tidak menunjukkan pengaruhnya terhadap sifat fisika dan kimia tanah yang diamati. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara dosis dan waktu aplikasi mulsa organik kirinyuh terhadap semua peubah yang diamati.   Granting Kirinyuh (Cromolaena odorata L.) As Organic Mulch In Soybean Plants (Glycine max L.) As Well As Its Effects On The Physical And Chemical Properties Of SoilAbstract. Weed kirinyuh potential to be used as organic fertilizer because the content of nutrient elements in its high. Biomass kirinyuh contain nutrient N 2.65%, 0.53% P and K 1.9% so that it can be utilized as a source of potential nutrient in an attempt to increase the production of soybean and improvement of soil fertility. This research aims to know the appropriate ground support the soybean crop production resulting from the addition of organic matter kirinyuh. This research aims to know the appropriate ground support the soybean crop production resulting from the addition of organic matter kirinyuh. This research was performed using Random Design Group (RAK) Factorial of 2 (two) factors with the 4 x 3 pattern so obtained 12 combination treatment. The first factor is a dose of organic mulch kirinyuh (D), consisting of four (4) levels, namely: a D0 = 0 ton ha-1, D1 = 6 ton ha-1, D2 = 12 ton ha-1, D3 = 18 ton ha-1. The second factor is the time of organic mulch application kirinyuh (W) consists of 3 (three) level that is when planting (W1), 2 weeks after planting (W2), 2 weeks after planting (W3). Soil physical and chemical variables were observed include bulk density, soil aggregate stability, cation exchange capacity and saturation of the base. The results showed that a dose of organic mulch kirinyuh very real effect against soil physical properties namely bulk density. A dose of organic mulch kirinyuh 6-18 ton ha-1 lowers the values of bulk density but does not increase the stability of soil aggregates. Organic mulch application time kirinyuh the beginning does not show its effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil is observed. There is no interaction between the dose and time of application of organic mulch kirinyuh against all variables were observed. 

Impact of agronomic management and intensive fertilization on the soils of Panao

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Liliana Vega-Jara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Traditional Agriculture ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Sensitive Characteristics ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In order to evaluate the impact of long-term agronomic management and intensive fertilization on the soil properties of Pachitea, this study was carried out. Five lots were taken from the province of Pachitea, representative soils of the type of management carried out in this agricultural context. A virgin or pristine soil as absolute control (SV), a soil with less than 20 years of traditional agriculture (SAT1), a soil with intensive fertilization for more than 40 years (SFI), a soil with traditional agriculture between 20-40 years (SAT2), a soil with organic fertilization for more than 40 years (SAO) and a forest soil (SB). Soil samples were taken f rom each 20 cm deep lot and all their physical and chemical properties were analyzed. The results were analyzed in a principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. The results showed that the agricultural use of the changes changed all the physical and chemical properties of the soil over time. The most sensitive characteristics were pH and organic matter (OM). The changeable acidity (AC) was explained by the presence of Aluminum (Al) and very little by hydrogen (H), suggesting that the degradation of soils is quite strong in this context. Key words: Organic matter, Aluminum, pH https://doi.org/10.47840/ReInA20191

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