Quality of Pea Seeds and Agroecological Condition of Soil When Using Structured Water

The widespread use of water in crop production and agriculture is due to a significant increase in yields during the watering of agricultural crops, as well as the transfer of pesticides and mineral fertilizers to plants and soil by water. One of the ways to improve the quality of water used in crop production is to structure it. An urgent task is to study the effect of structured water delivered to agricultural crops by watering or spraying on the yield, quality of the resulting products and agroecological condition of the soil. Field studies on pea crops were conducted at experimental sites of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, laboratory studies were conducted in accredited laboratories for monitoring the quality, safety of feed and raw materials of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillya of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and the testing centre of the Vinnytsia branch of the state institution “Institute of Soil Protection of Ukraine”. When watering peas with structured water, its yield increases by 42.3% compared to the version without water application and by 22.3% compared to the version with watering with plain water. Pea seeds when watered with structured water have a lower content of crude protein by 0.43 %, crude fat – by 0.09%, crude ash – by 0.63%, but a higher content of crude fibre by 0.11% and nitrogen-free extractives – by 0.99% compared to the version without water. The content of humus in the soil, when watered with structured water, was lower than in the version without water by 0.04%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 8.0%, mobile phosphorus – by 20.0%, exchangeable potassium – by 7.9%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.2 pH, hydrolytic acidity – by 21.7%, the concentration of mobile lead – by 18.4%. However, the concentration of mobile cadmium increased by 43.8% and soil moisture – by 4.3%. When comparing the indicators of the agroecological state of the soil, which was watered with structured and plain water, it was found that watering with structured water reduces the content of humus by 0.03%, lightly hydrolysed nitrogen – by 2.3%, mobile phosphorus – by 20%, exchange potassium – by 9.7%, hydrolytic acidity – by 7.7%, the reaction of the soil solution – by 0.3 pH, but increases the content of mobile lead by 10.9%, mobile cadmium – by 25.0% and increases the moisture content in the soil – by 2.7%

São os azeites de oliva mais instáveis que os óleos vegetais frente ao aquecimento? Um estudo comparativo

Resumo A procura por alimentos saudáveis está crescendo e os azeites vêm ganhando atenção. Entretanto, ainda não há consenso no que se refere às melhores formas de sua utilização na culinária. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as possíveis modificações físico-químicas decorrentes do aquecimento em azeites de oliva em comparação a outros óleos vegetais. Amostras de azeites de oliva extravirgem (AOE) ou refinado tipo único (AOU); óleo de canola (OC) e óleo de soja (OS) foram selecionadas considerando as marcas mais procuradas pela população. Essas foram aquecidas a 40, 70, 120 e 180°C e analisadas quanto à rancificação hidrolítica (índice de acidez) e oxidativa (níveis de malondialdeído - MDA). Os resultados mostraram que o aquecimento foi capaz de alterar a disponibilidade de ácidos graxos livres em AOE e AOU (redução de cerca de 30 % no índice de acidez em relação à temperatura ambiente) em comparação à OC e OS. Alterações nesse parâmetro não foram observadas para os óleos. Quanto aos níveis de MDA, observou-se que tanto o AOE quanto o AOU são menos suscetíveis à termoxidação quando aquecidos, em comparação às amostras OC/OS, que apresentaram índices estatisticamente superiores. Quando comparados em conjunto, observou-se o seguinte comportamento para os níveis de acidez (AOE = AOU > OC = OS) e MDA (OS > OC > AOU = AOE). Os dados obtidos no presente estudo indicam uma maior aplicabilidade dos azeites de oliva em preparações aquecidas, no entanto, futuros estudos são necessários para melhor compreender as reações químicas envolvidas nos processos de termoproteção desses. Palavras-chave: Ácidos graxos; estabilidade; rancificação; antioxidantes. Abstract Are olive oils more unstable than vegetable oils on heating? A comparative study Demand for healthy foods is growing and olive oils are gaining attention. However, there is still no consensus regarding the best ways to use it in cooking. This study aimed to evaluate the possible physicochemical modifications resulting from heating olive oil compared to vegetable oils. Samples of extra virgin (AOE) or refined type (AOU) olive oils; canola oil (OC) and soybean oil (OS) were selected considering the most consumed brands by the population. Samples were heated at 40, 70, 120, and 180 ° C and analyzed for hydrolytic (acidity index) and oxidative (malondialdehyde - MDA) rancidity. The results showed that heating was able to alter the availability of free fatty acids in AOE and AOU (about 30 % reduction in acidity index compared to room temperature) in relation to OC and OS. Changes in this parameter were not observed for oils. Regarding MDA levels, it was observed that both of which olive oils were less susceptible to thermo-oxidation when heated compared to OC or OS, which showed statistically higher rates. When compared together, the following behavior was observed for acidity levels (AOE = AOU> OC = OS) and MDA (OS> OC> AOU = AOE). The data obtained in the present study indicate greater applicability of olive oils in heated preparations, however, further studies are needed to better understand the chemical reactions involved in their thermoprotection processes. Keywords: Fatty acids; stability; rancification; antioxidants. Resumen ¿Son los aceites de oliva más inestables que los aceites vegetales al calentarlos? Un estudio comparativo La demanda de alimentos saludables es grande y los aceites de oliva están ganando atención. Todavía, no hay consenso sobre las mejores formas de utilizarlo en la cocina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los posibles cambios físicos y químicos derivados del calentamiento de los aceites de oliva en comparación con otros aceites vegetales. Muestras de aceite de oliva virgen extra (AOE) o refinado de tipo único (AOU); aceite de canola (OC) y aceite de soja (OS) fueron seleccionados considerando las marcas más buscadas por la población. Estos fueron calentados a 40, 70, 120 y 180 ° C y analizados para rancificación hidrolítica (índice de acidez) y oxidativa (malondialdehído - MDA). Los resultados mostraron que el calentamiento puede alterar la disponibilidad de ácidos grasos libres en AOE y AOU (reducción de aproximadamente 30% en el índice de acidez en relación a la temperatura ambiente) en comparación con OC y OS. No se observaron cambios en este parámetro para los aceites. Para los niveles de MDA, se observó que tanto AOE como AOU son menos susceptibles a la termoxidación cuando se calientan, en comparación con las muestras de OC / OS, que mostraron tasas estadísticamente más altas. Cuando se compararon juntos, se observó el siguiente comportamiento para los niveles de acidez (AOE = AOU> OC = OS) y MDA (OS> OC> AOU = AOE). Los datos obtenidos en el presente estudio indican una mayor aplicabilidad de los aceites de oliva en preparaciones calentadas, sin embargo, son necesarios futuros estudios para comprender mejor las reacciones químicas involucradas en sus procesos de termoprotección. Palabras clave: Ácidos grasos; estabilidad; rancificación; antioxidantes.

Availability of Trace Elements in Soil with Simulated Cadmium, Lead and Zinc Pollution

The research was based on a pot experiment in which the impact of increasing Cd, Zn and Pb doses on the content of available trace elements in soil was compared. Seven series of trials were designed: 1 (Cd), 2 (Pb), 3 (Zn), 4 (Cd + Pb), 5 (Cd + Zn), 6 (Pb + Zn), 7 (Cd + Pb + Zn). Aside from the control one (without the metals), three increasing levels of contamination were considered within each series. Mobile forms of trace elements (Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Cr) in soil were determined, in addition to which selected physicochemical soil properties—reaction (pH), salinity (EC), hydrolytic acidity (HAC), total exchange bases (TEB)—were identified while cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS) and availability factor (AF) were calculated. The application of Cd and Pb to soil resulted in an increase in the share of potentially available forms of these metals in their total content. The availability factor (AF) in the pots polluted with these metals was higher than in the control, in the range 17.5–20.0% for Cd, and 62.8–71.5% for Pb. In turn, the share of Zn mobile forms was comparable in most experimental objects, oscillating around 30%. Moreover, addition to soil of Cd, Pb and Zn usually caused a significant decrease in the content of available forms of Fe, Mn and Cu, and resulted in significantly higher content of available forms of Cr in the soil.

Effect of agrotechnical factors on soil chemical traits and maize yield on Chernozem in the long-term experiment

The effect of agrotechnical elements (crop rotation, fertilisation, irrigation) on maize yield and various chemical characteristics of the soil (pHH2O, pHKCl, hydrolytic acidity (y1)) were examined in a long-term experiment (established in 1983) on calcareous Chernozem in the Hajdúság region of Hungary. The yield obtained in 2019 showed the favourable water supply of the crop year and outstanding nutrient utilisation of maize. In the control (non-fertilised) treatments, maize yield was 8 t/ha in monoculture, 11 t/ha in biculture and 12 t/ha in triculture, while the highest yield obtained with the optimum fertiliser treatment increased to 13, 13.5 and 14 t/ha, respectively. In the long-term experiment established 35 years ago, the pH values of the soil greatly decreased in comparison to the initial value. The following ranges were observed in monoculture: 5.57–6.49 (pHH2O), 4.69–5.34 (pHKCl), in biculture: 5.22–6.62 (pHH2O) and 4.36–5.68 (pHKCl), and in triculture: 5.46–6.29 (pHH2O), and 4.56–5.24 (pHKCl). Hydrolytic acidity values (mono y1 = 7.75–14.75, bi y1 = 11.50–23.00, tri y1 = 10.13–18.38) showed strong soil acidity. In the long-term experiment, a moderate (0.512xx, LSD0.01=xx) correlation between fertilisation and yield and a moderate (0.397xx) correlation between crop rotation and yield could be established on Chernozem. A moderately negative (pHH2O = –0.594xx, pHKCl = –0.543xx) correlation was found between the yield and pH values, while a moderately positive (y1 = 0.409xx) correlation was found between the hydrolytic acidity and yield.

YIELD AND QUALITY OF SPRING WHEAT GRAIN DEPENDING ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN LLC «TERBUNY-AGRO» OF THE LIPETSK REGION

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of chemical properties of the soil on the yield and quality of the grain of spring wheat. The highest yield of grain of spring wheat of Aquilon va-riety is observed at very high nitrification capacity of soil. As the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil increases, the protein content of the spring wheat grain increases. The higher the hydrolytic acidity of the soil, the lower the vitreousness of the spring wheat grain. As the sum of the soil ex-change bases increases, the nature of the egg wheat grain increases. As the yield of spring wheat grain increases, the weight of 1000 seeds and the gluten strain index decrease. As the percentage of weed impurity increases, the natural weight of the grain decreases. As the gluten content of the grain increased, the gluten strain index and the vitreous of the grain increased.

FORMATION OF CORN PRODUCTIVITY IN CROP ROTATION DEPENDING ON LONG-TERM FERTILIZATION AND LIMING

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the main source of feed and food resources. The importance of this culture in the world economy continues to grow. In Ukraine corn is an export-oriented crop of universal purpose and high potential. Based on the results of research in the ninth rotation of long-term stationary experiment, it was found that in the Western Forest-Steppe in four-field crop rotation on Albic Stagnic Luvisol the highest productivity of corn 73 t . ha–1 is formed by organo-mineral fertilizing system with systematic joint application of 10 t . ha–1 manure, N65Р68К68 on the background of periodic liming with 1.0 n CaCO3 by hydrolytic acidity. It is shown that long-term unilateral application of mineral fertilizer system (more than 50 years) on acidic soil along with the accumulation of nitrogen compounds increases the acidity and content of mobile aluminum compounds, leads to blocking the activity of enzyme systems, reducing absorption and transformation of nutrients and in consequence the formation of low-yield corn at the level of control without fertilizers.

Productivity of topinambur on podzolic degradated soils

Purpose of research. To determine rational fertilization systems for growing topinambur on low fertility soil to increase the productivity of plant community in order to strengthen the feedstock base for the production of bioethanol. Methods. Field, accounting, laboratory, and analytical. Results. It was established that the topinambur can be successfully grown on degraded eroded podzolic low fertility soil. A rational organo-mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of 15–20 t/ha of manure and N40–65P40–53K40–70 as well as the introduction of the microbiological formulation Filazonit MC (10 L/ha) improves the productivity and green weight of Jerusalem artichoke significantly compared without fertilizer. The total yield of dry biomass increases by 7.3–7.5 t/ha or by 100–102%. However, in the process of using plantations for 3–4 years, the yield of dry biomass is significantly reduced. Therefore, re-fertilization is required. Fertilizer systems exert unequal influence on the formation of the nutrient regime of degraded soil. The organo-mineral fertilizer system is characterized by a certain ameliorative effect on the soil system and helps to reduce the acidity of the soil environment, reducing hydrolytic acidity by 0.23–0.42 mmol/100 g of soil, or by 14–26%. As the proportion of organic fertilizers in the fertilizer system increases, the hydrolytic acidity index decreases. Fertilizing causes an increase in the content of the available basic mineral nutrients in the soil. Conclusions. Organo-mineral fertilizer system for artichoke has significant advantages over organic and mineral ones, because of the best agrochemical indices of soil, the highest yield of green mass and the tubers, which leads to the highest yield dry weight of the harvest. During fertilization, the green mass increases more intensively than the tuber crop. The use of fertilizers in smaller quantities increases the yield of aboveground biomass, and the increased rates of complete mineral fertilizers (ΣNPK = 390 kg/ha of active substance) provide an increase in the proportion of tubers in the total dry matter yield. An additional factor in increasing biological productivity of artichoke’s plant community is the introduction of biologically active agents, such as Filazonitu MC, which contributes insignificantly artichoke tubers improve yield and yield a significant increase in aboveground biomass through activation of microbiological processes in soil and plant growth processes.

Chemical properties of long-term irrigated Fluvisols of the Beli Drim river valley in the Klina region (Serbia)

The impact of long-term (> 100 yr) irrigation on soil chemical properties was studied on eight plots in the Beli Drim river valley in Kosovo and Metohija near Klina, Serbia. For these studies, soil samples from shallow profiles were collected from only one or two depth zones of the Ah horizon; and from moderately deep and deep profiles, from two to three depth zones for the purpose of comparing irrigated field and non-irrigated meadow lands. Water from the Beli Drim River and surface gravity systems (irrigation furrows or border strip irrigation) were used for irrigation. Chemical variables included determination of pH-H2O, content of CaCO3, content of humus, hydrolytic acidity, sum of basic cations, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. On irrigated soils, the results of chemical analysis showed on average a small increase in pH-H2O (0.07 pH units), as well as a significant decrease in humus content (2.00-4.75%), sum of basic cations (4.98-12.98%) and cation exchange capacity (12.8%) compared to the non-irrigated land of the study area. Long-term irrigation had no effect on hydrolytic acidity and base saturation in the Ah horizon of the investigated lands. Namely, the mentioned variations in the chemical properties of the investigated soils show that slight processes of reduction in the humus content and reduction of the content of base cations occured. Data on the chemical properties of the investigated soils indicate that the destructive processes of reduction in the humus content and leaching of base cations must be controlled in order to achieve a stable sustainable system of high productivity and prevent their further deterioration.

Suitability of leached soils of Western Serbia for potato growing

Potato can be grown on a large number of soil types. In order to determine the suitability of leached soils for potato growing in Western Serbia, a trial was set up with the aim of observing agrophysical and agrochemical properties of this type of soil in the region of the Radočelo mountain massif in 2020. Three soil profiles were opened. Results pointed out that leached soils of Western Serbia are suitable for potato growing according to their agrophysical properties, but unfavourable as regards some agrochemical parameters (a low content of available phosphorus, high values of active, exchangeable, and hydrolytic acidity). Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve high yields that approach the biological potential of potato using appropriate soil amendment practices (timely application of proper amounts of the complex NPK fertiliser with increased phosphorus and potassium levels, basal liming of the soil along with manuring, and use of physiologically neutral nitrogen fertilisers).

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY OF NICKEL DURING IRRIGATION

The geochemical feature of the study area is the enrichment of soil-forming and underlying rocks with Ni, and, as a consequence, a high metal content in groundwater and surface sources, the water of which is used for irrigation. The regular supply of the element with irrigation water leads to an increase in the total content of Ni and its exchange compounds in the upper humus horizons of the studied leached chernozems. Irrigation contributes to the accumulation of Ni in grain and phytomass of crop production. It is shown that long-term irrigation leads to the transformation of organic matter, a change in the pH of the soil solution and the values of hydrolytic acidity.