III. A further minute analysis by electric stimulation of the so-called motor region (Facial area) of the cortex cerebri in the monkey (Macacus sinicus)

1894 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 39-81 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Original Memoir ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Facial Area ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Stimulation Of

In continuation of our former minute analysis of the excitable region of the cerebral cortex, we have explored the so-called centres for the facial, lingual, and pharyngeal movements, or as we prefer to speak of them collectively, the facial area. This district, as will presently be seen, has been mapped out by numerous investigators, and its general limits are fairly well understood; but as we have found in the course of our investigations several points untouched, especially relating to the representation of the movements of the tongue, we think it better to arrange the facts previously determined in an historical introduction and to subjoin our own observations. In this, as in our second paper on the minuter representation of movements in the cerebral cortex, we have, in order to avoid discrepancies in the arrangement of the sulci, employed only the same variety of Monkey, viz., Macacus sinicus . In all we have performed twenty experiments. Historical Introduction. Fritsch and Hitzig, in the original memoir which forms the basis of all modern research on the subject, contented themselves with defining the foci of representation of movements of the face in the Carnivora.

scholarly journals III. A further minute analysis by electric stimulation of the so-called motor region (facial area) of the cortex cerebri in the monkey ( Macacus sinicus )

1893 ◽  
Vol 53 (321-325) ◽  
pp. 463-463
Keyword(s):  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Bonnet Monkey ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Facial Area ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the paper of which this is an abstract the authors have completed the minute analysis of the movements elicited by excitation of the excitable (so-called motor) region of the cortex cerebri in the Bonnet Monkey ( Macacus sinicus ). The portions hitherto examined haying been those in which the movements of the limbs were represented, the facial area was chosen for the present research. After an historical introduction and a description of the anatomy of the region investigated, the method of notation and record of results is discussed. Considering that in this part of the cortex cerebri there is well-defined representation of movements of both sides of the body, the question of bilaterality of representation is raised, and attention directed to its importance. The analysis of the results obtained showed that there existed precise localisation for the movements of the individual portions of the face, even to that of half the lower lip.

scholarly journals Localisation of function in the lemur’s brain

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (537) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

The brain of the Lemur, the lowest of the ape-like animals, does not appear to have been subjected previously to a thorough examination. Page May and Elliott Smith brought a brief communication on the subject before the Cambridge Meeting of the British Association in 1904. Their experiments were apparently limited to stimulation of the cerebral cortex, and they have never published a full account of their work. Brodmann has worked out some of the histological details of the structure of the cortex cerebri, and Max Volsch has performed a stimulation experiment upon one Lemur. The work of these investigators will be referred to again in the course of this paper. Our own investigation has in the main dealt with the motor centres, and the experimental methods adopted have been the usual ones of stimulation and extirpation. In animals so low in the scale, stimulation is to be regarded as the more decisive of the two methods for the purpose of localisation. The extirpation experiments have, however, confirmed the results of stimulation, and in these experiments the course of the resulting degeneration was followed by histological examination of the brain and spinal cord. The results, moreover, agree remarkably closely with those obtained by a study of the histological structure of the various regions of the cortex cerebri.

scholarly journals XX XIII. “A Geometrical Interpretation of the first two Periods of Chemical Elements following Hydrogen, showing the Relations of the fourteen Elements to each other and to Hydrogen by means of a Right Line and Cubic Curve with one real Asymptote.” ,XXXIV. “On the Force with which the two Layers of the healthy Pleu ra cohere.”, XXXV. “To ta l Eclipse of the Sun observed a t the Caroline Islands on May 6, 1883.”, XXXVI. “Note on Mr. Davison's Paper on the Straining of the Earth's Crust in Cooling.”, XXXVII. “A further minute Analysis, by Electric Stimulation, of the so-called Motor Region of the Cortex Cerebri in the Monkey (Macacus sinicus).”, XXXVIII. “On the present Position of the Question of the Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation, with some new Results, and preliminary Notice of new Lines of Investigation.” XXXIX. “On Diameters of Plane. Cubics.” List of publications Deferred

1887 ◽  
Vol 42 (251-257) ◽  
pp. 477-482
Keyword(s):  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Present Position ◽  
Cubic Curve ◽  
Caroline Islands ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The University ◽  
Stimulation Of

XXXIII. “A Geometrical Interpretation of the first two Periods of Chemical Elements following Hydrogen, showing the Relations of the fourteen Elements to each other and to Hydrogen by means of a Right Line and Cubic Curve with one real Asymptote.” By Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., F. R. S. Received April 30, 1887. [Publication deferred.] XXXIV. “ On the Force with which the two Layers of the healthy Pleura cohere.” By Samuel West, M.D., F.R.C.P. Communicated' by Sir James Paget, Bart., F. R. S. Received May 21, 1887. [Publication deferred.] XXXV. “ To ta l Eclipse of the Sun observed a t the Caroline Islands on May 6, 1883.” By W. DE W. Abney, Capt. R.E., F. R .S. Received May 25, 1887. [Publication deferred.] XXXVI. “Note on Mr. Davison’s Paper on the Straining of the Earth’s Crust in Cooling.” By G. H. Darwin , M.A., F. R. S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. Received June 15, 1887. [To be published in the 'Philosophical Transactions' in conjunction with Mr. Davison’s paper.] XXXVII. “A further minute Analysis, by Electric Stimulation, of the so-called Motor Region of the Cortex Cerebri in the Monkey ( Macacus sinicus ).” By Charles E. Beevor, M.D., and Professor Victor Horsley, F. R. S., B.S., F.R.C.S. Abstract received June 16, 1887. [Publication deferred.] XXXVIII. “ On the present Position of the Question of the Sources of the Nitrogen of Vegetation, with some new Results, and preliminary Notice of new Lines of Investigation.” By Sir J. B. Lawes, Bart., F. R. S., and J. H Gilbert, M.A., LL.D., F. R. S., Sibthorpian Professor of Rural Economy in the University of Oxford. Abstract received June 16, 1887. [Publication deferred.] XXXIX. “ On Diameters of Plane. Cubics.” By John J. Walker , M.A., F. R. S. Received June 16, 1887. [Publication deferred.]

scholarly journals A further minute analysis, by electric stimulation, of the so-called motor region of the cortex cerebri in the monkey ( Macacus sinicus )

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 86-88
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Electrical Excitation ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
Stimulation Of

The present research, of which the following is a brief abstract, is in continuation of an investigation which we commenced two years ago, the first part of which is about to be published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ In our former paper we described the results of a minute analysis, obtained by electrical excitation, of that part of the cortex in which Professor Ferrier had previously shown that the movements of the upper limb were chiefly represented.

The detection and perceived intensity of noxious thermal stimuli in monkey and in human

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Kenshalo ◽  
F. Anton ◽  
R. Dubner
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Thermal Stimuli ◽  
Detection Speed ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Volar Surface

1. The magnitude of the sensations produced by small increases in thermal stimuli superimposed on noxious levels of heat stimulation was studied by the use of a simple reaction-time task. Noxious thermal stimuli were presented on the face of three monkeys, the forearm volar surface of three monkeys, and the face of four human subjects. The subject, either monkey or human, initiated a trial by pressing an illuminated button. Subsequently, a contact thermode increased in temperature from a base line of 38 degree C to temperatures of 44, 45, 46, or 47 degrees C (T1). After a variable time period lasting between 4 and 10 s, the thermode temperature increased an additional 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8 degrees C (T2). The subject was required to release the button as soon as the T2 stimulus was detected. Detection latency, expressed as its reciprocal, detection speed, was defined as the time interval between the onset of T2 and the release of the button. 2. The monkeys' detection speed to stimuli presented on the upper lip was dependent on the intensity of both T1 and T2. Increases in the intensity of T2 between 0.1 and 0.8 degrees C produced faster detection speeds. In general, as the intensity of T1 increased, the detection speed increased to identical T2 stimuli. The monkeys' T2-detection threshold was also dependent on the intensity of T1. 3. The psychophysical functions obtained from stimulation of the monkey's face were compared with those obtained from the volar surface of the monkey's forearm. Whereas the T2 thresholds obtained from stimulation of the monkey's forearm and face were similar, the psychophysical functions obtained from stimulation of the face were significantly steeper than those obtained from stimulation of the forearm. 4. The humans' detection speed of T2 stimuli presented on the face was monotonically related to the intensity of T2 and was dependent on the level of T1. The psychophysical functions obtained from the human's face were equivalent to those obtained from the monkey's faces. 5. A cross-modality matching procedure was used to examine the perceived intensity of pain sensation produced by T2 stimuli in human subjects. The magnitude estimates of these stimuli were dependent on the level of T1, as well as the intensity of T2. Detection speed, plotted as a function of the estimated magnitude of pain, independent of T1 and T2 temperature, was best fit by a logarithmic function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals I. A record of experiments upon the functions of the cerebral cortex

1887 ◽  
Vol 42 (251-257) ◽  
pp. 111-111
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Exact Condition ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
The Brain

The paper consists, as its title implies, of a record of experiments relating to the functions of the cerebral cortex, a subject upon which the authors have been engaged during three years. The experiments have been entirely made upon monkeys. After describing the methods employed, the general results of excitation and of extirpation of various parts of the cerebral hemispheres on one or both sides are given, and the cases in which the method of ablation has been employed are then recorded in detail, the symptoms observed during life and the condition of the brain after death being systematically noted. Each case is illustrated by one or more drawings, showing the exact condition of the brain post mortem . In some instances sections of the brain are also represented. The paper includes also a topographical plan of the excitable or motor region of the cortex cerebri .

scholarly journals IX. A further minute analysis by electric stimulation of the so-called motor region of the cortex cerebri in the monkey (macacus sinicus)

1888 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 205-256 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Superior Parietal Lobule ◽  
Middle Line ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
Motor Region ◽  
Parietal Lobule ◽  
Upper Third ◽  
Stimulation Of

In a former paper published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions‚’ B., vol. 178 (1887), pp. 153-167, a minute account was given by us of the effects produced by electrical stimulation of the so-called motor area in the cerebral cortex for the upper limb. In continuation of this work we have investigated in a similar manner the effects produced by stimulating the rest of the so-called motor region on the convexity of the cortex, with the exception of the lower parts of the ascending frontal and parietal convolutions. The parts examined in the present research comprise the posterior third of the frontal convolutions, the upper third of the ascending frontal convolution, the superior parietal lobule, and the posterior half of the ascending parietal convolution. The movements evoked by stimulating these areas were respectively those of the head and eyes to the opposite side, conjoined movement of both opposite limbs, movements of the lower limb, and movements of the upper limb. In order to avoid discrepancies in the arrangement of the cerebral sulei in different species, and so to obtain exact localisation of the effect produced, the same variety of Monkey was alone used, viz., Macacus sinicus . In all we have performed twentythree experiments, the animal in each case having been narcotised with ether and killed before recovery from the anæsthetic. PART I.—ANATOMY. In the paper above referred to, a description was given of the position in the Monkey of the fissure of Rolando, the præcentral sulcus, and a small fissure above this, called by Professor Schäfer “ x .” The excitable region investigated in the present paper is limited below, where it lies in front of the præcentral sulcus, by the horizontal level* of the lower end of that sulcus, the superior and anterior part being bounded above by the middle line, and in front by a sulcus which Professors Horsley and Schäfer provisionally named “ y ” (see fig. 1). Below, it is partially bounded by a sulcus which we have temporarily called “ w .” This sulcus, “ w .” runs horizon­tally from near the tip of the frontal lobe backwards to within a very short distance of the vertical limb of the præcentral sulcus, thus lying below and approximately parallel to the upper limb of the præcentral sulcus. The homology between this sulcus and corresponding parts of the human brain has not as yet been made out. The middle part of the region investigated in the present research is bounded above by the longitudinal fissure and below by the sulcus “ x .” The remaining part of this region, situated behind the fissure of Rolando, is bounded above by the longitudinal fissure, behind by the intraparietal sulcus, and below by the horizontal level of the lower end of that sulcus. The upper part of the ascending parietal convolution, or as it is also called the superior parietal lobule, is divided by a small sulcus which is usually vertical, and which has been designated “ z ” by Professors Horsley and Schäfer (see fig. 1).

The Compensatory Conditioned Response to Brain Stimulation-Induced Feeding: A Preliminary Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1244-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Unconditioned Response ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Stimulation Of

One rat was the subject in a Pavlovian conditioning study. The conditioned stimulus was white noise and the unconditioned stimulus was electric stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH). Latency to start eating from ESLH onset was the dependent measure. The mean latency on signaled trials was significantly longer than the mean latency on unsignaled trials. This indicates that the conditioned response (inhibition of eating) was compensatory to the unconditioned response (eating).

scholarly journals Responses of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex to itch- and pain-producing stimuli in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 1944-1954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey G. Khasabov ◽  
Hai Truong ◽  
Victoria M. Rogness ◽  
Kevin D. Alloway ◽  
Donald A. Simone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Itch Sensation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Stimulation Of

Processing of information related to itch sensation at the level of cerebral cortex is not well understood. In this first single-unit electrophysiological study of pruriceptive cortical neurons, we show that neurons responsive to noxious and pruritic stimulation of the cheek of the face are concentrated in a small area of the dysgranular cortex, indicating that these neurons encode information related to itch and pain.

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