The nervous system of loligo ii. suboesophageal centres

1976 ◽  
Vol 274 (930) ◽  
pp. 101-167 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Control Centre ◽  
Jet Control ◽  
Motor Centre ◽  
Inputs And Outputs

A well-marked hierarchy of centres can be recognized within the suboesophageal lobes and ganglia of the arms. The inputs and outputs of each lobe are described. There are sets of motoneurons and intermediate motor centres, which can be activated either from the periphery or from above. They mostly do not send fibres up to the optic or higher motor centres. However, there is a large set of fibres running from the magnocellular lobe to all the basal supraoesophageal lobes. The centre for control of the four eye-muscle nerves in the anterior lateral pedal lobe receives many fibres direct from the statocyst and from the peduncle and basal lobes, but none direct from the optic lobe. The posterior lateral pedal is a backward continuation of the oculomotor centre, containing large cells that may be concerned in initiating attacks by the tentacles. An intermediate motor centre in the posterior pedal lobe probably controls steering. It sends fibres to the funnel and head retractors, and by both direct and interrupted pathways to the fin lobe. It receives fibres from the crista nerve and basal lobes, but none direct from the optic lobe. The jet control centre of the ventral magnocellular lobe receives fibres from the statocyst and skin and also from the optic and basal lobes. Some of these last also give extensive branches throughout the palliovisceral lobes. The branching patterns of the dendritic collaterals differ in the various lobes. Some estimates are given of the numbers of synaptic points. The dendritic collaterals of the motoneurons spread through large volumes of neuropil and they overlap. The incoming fibres spread widely and each presumably activates many motoneurons either together or serially. Many of the lobes contain numerous microneurons with short trunks restricted to the lobe, but there are none of these cells in the chromatophore lobes or fin lobes. The microneurons have only few dendritic collaterals, in contrast to the numerous ones on the nearby motoneurons.

scholarly journals Expression of a Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholine receptor-related gene in the central nervous system.

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 778-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Wadsworth ◽  
L S Rosenthal ◽  
K L Kammermeyer ◽  
M B Potter ◽  
D J Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Homology ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosome ◽  
The Central Nervous System

We isolated Drosophila melanogaster genomic sequences with nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptor by hybridization with a Torpedo acetylcholine receptor subunit cDNA probe. Five introns are present in the portion of the Drosophila gene encoding the unprocessed protein and are positionally conserved relative to the human acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit gene. The Drosophila genomic clone hybridized to salivary gland polytene chromosome 3L within region 64B and was termed AChR64B. A 3-kilobase poly(A)-containing transcript complementary to the AChR64B clone was readily detectable by RNA blot hybridizations during midembryogenesis, during metamorphosis, and in newly enclosed adults. AChR64B transcripts were localized to the cellular regions of the central nervous system during embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult stages of development. During metamorphosis, a temporal relationship between the morphogenesis of the optic lobe and expression of AChR64B transcripts was observed.

Neuronal pathways of classical crustacean neurohormones in the central nervous system of the woodlouse, Oniscus asellus (L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 347 (1320) ◽  
pp. 139-154 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Decapod Crustacean ◽  
Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormone ◽  
Neurosecretory Pathways ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Hyperglycemic Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptide-immunoreactive neurons have been mapped by immunocytochemistry in whole-mount preparations and sections of the central nervous system of Oniscus asellus . We tested rabbit antisera against decapod crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), moult inhibiting hormone (MIH ), pigment dispersing hormone (PDH) and red pigment concentrating hormone (RPCH). four CHH- and three PDH-immunoreactive neurons localized in the superior median protocerebrum of the brain constitute neurosecretory pathways to the neurohaemal sinus gland. No immunoreactive structures have been detected with an antiserum against MIH of Carcinus maenus . Another, newly identified neurosecretory pathway is formed by a group of RPCH-immunoreactive neurons in the mandibular ganglion. These neurons project to the neurohaemal lateral cephalic nerve plexus, further PDH- and RPCH-immunoreactive neurons and fibres occur in the brain and the ventral nerve cord (VNC). Two groups of PDH-immunoreactive neurons supply brain and optic lobe neuropils, the bases of the ommatidia, and probably give rise to descending fibres innervating all VNC-neuropils. Two groups and five individuals of RPCH-immunoreactive neurons that innervate several brain neuropils or occur as ascending neurons in the VNC have been reconstructed. The CHH-immunoreactive neurons, and distinct types of PDH- and RPCH-immunoreactive neurons obviously belong to classical hormone-producing neurosecretory pathways. At least the CHH-immunoreactive cells seem to be part of an isopod homologue of the decapod X-organ. The existence of other PDH- and RPCH-immunoreactive interneurons suggests additional functions of these peptides as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, which is in agreement with similar observations in the decapod central nervous system.

scholarly journals Neural architecture: from cells to circuits

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 854-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. V. Richards ◽  
Stephen D. Van Hooser
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Synaptic Interactions ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Circuit Function

Circuit operations are determined jointly by the properties of the circuit elements and the properties of the connections among these elements. In the nervous system, neurons exhibit diverse morphologies and branching patterns, allowing rich compartmentalization within individual cells and complex synaptic interactions among groups of cells. In this review, we summarize work detailing how neuronal morphology impacts neural circuit function. In particular, we consider example neurons in the retina, cerebral cortex, and the stomatogastric ganglion of crustaceans. We also explore molecular coregulators of morphology and circuit function to begin bridging the gap between molecular and systems approaches. By identifying motifs in different systems, we move closer to understanding the structure-function relationships that are present in neural circuits.

Ontogeny of the brain in oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) during the post-hatching phase

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1663-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiori Kobayashi ◽  
Chitoshi Takayama ◽  
Yuzuru Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Mantle Length ◽  
Sepioteuthis Lessoniana ◽  
The Brain

Among invertebrates, cephalopods have one of the most well-organized nervous systems. However, with respect to the ontogeny of the nervous system, the post-embryonic development of the cephalopod brain has only been documented for a few species. Here, we investigated the development of the brain of captive oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana during the post-hatching phase. The central part of the brain of the oval squid is divided into four main regions, namely, the supraoesophageal, anterior suboesophageal, middle suboesophageal, and posterior suboesophageal masses, each consisting of several lobes. At various ages in juvenile squid, the total volume of the central part of the brain (except the optic lobe) is significantly correlated with its body size, indicated by mantle length and wet body weight. The vertical lobe, superior frontal lobe, and anterior subesophageal mass drastically increase in relative volume as the squid grows. In contrast, the middle suboesophageal mass and posterior suboesophageal mass do not increase in volume with increasing squid age and body size. The effects of these results have been discussed in relation to the onset of squid behaviours during post-hatching.

scholarly journals Astrocyte-like glia-specific gene deathstar is crucial for normal development, adult locomotion and lifespan of male Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Najafi ◽  
Kyle Wong ◽  
Woo Jae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Bioinformatical Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression Pattern

ABSTRACTDrosophila melanogaster is a proper model organism for studying the development and function of the nervous system. The Drosophila nervous system consists of distinct cell types with significant homologies to various cell types of more advanced organisms, including human. Among all cell types of the nervous system, astrocyte-like glia (ALG) have conserved functions to mammals and are essential for normal physiology and behaviours of the fly.In this study, we exploited the gene expression profile of single cells in Drosophila optic lobe to identify the genes with specific expression pattern in each cell type. Through a bioinformatical analysis of the data, a novel ALG-specific gene (here assigned as deathstar) was identified. Immunostaining of deathstar in the central nervous system (CNS) showed its presence in specific regions of Drosophila ventral nerve cord, which previously has been characterized as ALG cells. Consistent with the bioinformatical analysis, deathstar-related signals were overlapped with the signals of the previously-reported ALG marker, Eaat1, supporting its specific expression in ALG cells.At the physiological level, RNAi-mediated suppression of deathstar gene impeded the normal development of male flies without any effects on females. Cell type-specific expression of deathstar RNAi showed that deathstar gene affects locomotion behaviour and lifespan of D. melanogaster, in an ALG-specific manner.Taken together, we showed that bioinformatical analysis of a previously reported expression data of Drosophila optic lobe successfully predicted the ALG-specific expression pattern of deathstar gene. Moreover, it was consistent with the ALG-specific effects of this gene on locomotion and lifespan of D. melanogaster, in vivo.

Expression of a Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholine receptor-related gene in the central nervous system

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 778-785
Author(s):  
S C Wadsworth ◽  
L S Rosenthal ◽  
K L Kammermeyer ◽  
M B Potter ◽  
D J Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptor ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Homology ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Salivary Gland Polytene Chromosome ◽  
The Central Nervous System

We isolated Drosophila melanogaster genomic sequences with nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology to subunits of vertebrate acetylcholine receptor by hybridization with a Torpedo acetylcholine receptor subunit cDNA probe. Five introns are present in the portion of the Drosophila gene encoding the unprocessed protein and are positionally conserved relative to the human acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit gene. The Drosophila genomic clone hybridized to salivary gland polytene chromosome 3L within region 64B and was termed AChR64B. A 3-kilobase poly(A)-containing transcript complementary to the AChR64B clone was readily detectable by RNA blot hybridizations during midembryogenesis, during metamorphosis, and in newly enclosed adults. AChR64B transcripts were localized to the cellular regions of the central nervous system during embryonic, larval, pupal, and adult stages of development. During metamorphosis, a temporal relationship between the morphogenesis of the optic lobe and expression of AChR64B transcripts was observed.

Interference in Learning and Lesions in the Visual System of Octopus Vulgaris

Behaviour ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 21 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Parriss
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Vertical Rectangle ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Previous Learning ◽  
Better Than

AbstractTwo groups of Octopuses, one normal and one with lesions in the optic lobe system, were trained on a discrimination between horizontal and vertical rectangles followed by a discrimination with a square and a diamond. They were then retrained on the original horizontal and vertical discrimination. A further group of normal animals were trained on a discrimination between the square and the diamond followed by a discrimination with the horizontal and vertical rectangles. They were then retrained on the original square and diamond discrimination. Results were as follows: 1. Animals with lesions in the optic lobe system showed impairment of relearning following the different and more difficult square and diamond discrimination. Normal animals, on the other hand, showed improved performance under these conditions. 2. In the case of both normal and operated animals the square and diamond discrimination (square positive - diamond negative) was learned less well following the horizontal and vertical rectangle discrimination than when it was learned as a first discrimination by the normal animals. The level of learning with diamond positive- square negative was, however, maintained at the same level as the first discrimination. 3. When the square and diamond discrimination was relearned by the normal group, square positive - diamond negative was relearned less well than first learning, and diamond positive-square negative was not affected by previous learning, thus confirming point 2. 4. At the end of training the operated animals discriminated between black and white circles better than they had re-learned the horizontal and vertical rectangles. These findings have been related to theories of analysing mechanisms in the nervous system of octopus.

scholarly journals Stereotyped terminal axon branching of leg motor neurons mediated by IgSF proteins DIP-α and Dpr10

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalanti Venkatasubramanian ◽  
Zhenhao Guo ◽  
Shuwa Xu ◽  
Liming Tan ◽  
Qi Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Morphological Complexity ◽  
Terminal Axon ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Ig Superfamily ◽  
The Central Nervous System

For animals to perform coordinated movements requires the precise organization of neural circuits controlling motor function. Motor neurons (MNs), key components of these circuits, project their axons from the central nervous system and form precise terminal branching patterns at specific muscles. Focusing on the Drosophila leg neuromuscular system, we show that the stereotyped terminal branching of a subset of MNs is mediated by interacting transmembrane Ig superfamily proteins DIP-α and Dpr10, present in MNs and target muscles, respectively. The DIP-α/Dpr10 interaction is needed only after MN axons reach the vicinity of their muscle targets. Live imaging suggests that precise terminal branching patterns are gradually established by DIP-α/Dpr10-dependent interactions between fine axon filopodia and developing muscles. Further, different leg MNs depend on the DIP-α and Dpr10 interaction to varying degrees that correlate with the morphological complexity of the MNs and their muscle targets.

scholarly journals The Eye Muscle of Calliphora Vomitoria L

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-583
Author(s):  
JOHN PATTERSON
Keyword(s):  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Interspike Interval ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Spontaneous Movements ◽  
Anatomical Arrangement

1. A muscle attached to the medial edge of the compound eye is described for the blowfly Calliphora vomitoria. 2. Electrophysiological activity in the form of continuous tonically firing potentials can be recorded extracellularly from the muscle. These potentials are generated by the muscle and have the same origin as the ‘clock-spikes’ recorded previously from the optic lobe of Calliphora erythrocephala. 3. The interspike interval of the eye muscle potentials varies inversely with the ambient temperature. 4. Light-adaptation results in a decrease and dark-adaptation an increase in the resting interspike interval of the eye-muscle potentials. 5. Light-adaptation is correlated with increase and dark-adaptation with decrease in the depth of the compound eye as measured at the insertion of the muscle. 6. The pseudopupil produced by illumination of the compound eye from the inside displays spontaneous movements which can be correlated with the anatomical arrangement and spontaneous activity of the eye muscle. 7. The probable function of spontaneous and transient changes in eye-muscle activity is to promote scanning of the visual images produced by the dioptrics of the compound eye.

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