The fallacy of conventional signalling

1993 ◽  
Vol 340 (1292) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Multicellular Organism ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Reliable Systems ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Status Signals ◽  
Coordinate Development

All signals, with the exception of very special ones such as human verbal communication, evolve to be reliable. Communication systems that have been considered as systems of conventional signalling are reinterpreted as reliable systems by indicating the investment which increases their reliability. Examples are given from decorative patterns and set specific signals, such as status signals. The general importance of reliability is further discussed for cases such as the chemical signals within the multicellular organism, in which there is no conflict between the communicating parties. The reliability of signals which display symmetry, as is measured by the ‘fluctuating asymmetry’, is interpreted as a consequence of the investment required of signals that coordinate development.

Teaching Auxiliary Communication Skills to Severely Handicapped Students

AAESPH Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Nietupski ◽  
Susan Hamre-Nietupski
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Communication Training ◽  
Auxiliary System ◽  
Communication Aids ◽  
Severely Handicapped ◽  
Communication Programs ◽  
Special Factors

The use of auxiliary communication systems with the severely handicapped is receiving increased attention. This article examines several considerations for instructional personnel who must decide when to initiate auxiliary communication programs, what system to teach, what vocabulary items to begin with, and what special factors must be decided. The authors describe manual systems, communication aids, and communicative codes, and give guidelines for choosing among them for specific students. They recommend considering an auxiliary system for any child who has not produced intelligible utterances by age 5 to 8 and who has not made adequate progress in a verbal communication training program. They also advocate simultaneous teaching of comprehension and production skills.

Blissymbolics—A Nonverbal Communication System

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda A. Archer
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Visual Language ◽  
Future Application ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Functional Communication ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Alternate Forms

Until recently, speech-language pathologists have shown little interest in seeking alternate forms of communication when functional verbal communication is not attainable. There is a paucity of literature dealing with nonverbal communication systems for people lacking functional verbal communication for reasons other than deafness. Blissymbolics is a logical, visual language that has provided functional communication for nonverbal cerebral-palsied children. The full potential and application of Blissymbolics has only begun to be realized, and there is much need for experimentation and research. This paper describes the system and suggests areas for future application and development.

scholarly journals Evolution of animal chemical communication: Insights from non-model species and phylogenetic comparative methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Baeckens
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Research Bias

Chemical communication is probably the oldest, most ubiquitous form of information exchange in the natural world, spanning all three domains of life. While excellent sociobiological and behavioral ecological research has been conducted on the form and function of chemical signals in animals, we still know remarkably little on their evolution. Besides, much of our understanding of chemical signal diversity is restricted to insects, since studies on chemical communication in vertebrates are relatively scarce. In this review, I introduce the key concepts of animal communication and expand on the past, present, and future of research in chemical communication. When doing so, I highlight the current gaps in our knowledge on the evolution of the chemical communication system in animals, whilst emphasizing the heavy research bias towards lepidopterans. Here, I detail the benefits of using phylogenetic comparative methods to identify the motors and brakes that guide the evolution of chemical signals and chemical sensory systems. Moreover, I point out that focusing on non-model species in chemical ecology, specifically lizards, can provide valuable insights into how vertebrate chemical signals evolve, and how biological systems responsible for sending and receiving signals co-evolve with signal design. Lastly, I present a case study on lacertid lizards, demonstrating the possibilities of the phylogenetic comparative approach and the use of non-model species to study the evolution of animal chemical communication systems.

scholarly journals Data communication and storage

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Flora Branger ◽  
Simon Tait ◽  
Véronique Chaffard ◽  
Elodie Brelot ◽  
Vivien Lecomte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Database Structure ◽  
Open Standards ◽  
And Storage

Abstract Monitoring programs in urban drainage systems generate, potentially, a huge amount of data from sources distributed in the urban environment, working at relatively high sampling rates for extended periods of time. Collecting data using adaptable and reliable communication systems is the first challenge. Then structuring the collected data is a first requisite for effectively managing the quality and accessibility of the data. In adjacent fields of research, the topic of managing huge collections of data has resulted in several (open) standards and protocols for database structure, transfer and storage to ensure unambiguous definitions on which parties can build their workflows/software. This chapter describes relevant approaches for urban drainage and stormwater management systems, and appropriate standards along with examples from case studies.

scholarly journals A pheromone antagonist liberates female sea lamprey from a sensory trap to enable reliable communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (13) ◽  
pp. 7284-7289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Buchinger ◽  
Anne M. Scott ◽  
Skye D. Fissette ◽  
Cory O. Brant ◽  
Mar Huertas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Female Behavior ◽  
Petromyzonol Sulfate ◽  
Electrophysiological Responses ◽  
Sensory Trap ◽  
Nursery Habitats ◽  
Mating Opportunities

The evolution of male signals and female preferences remains a central question in the study of animal communication. The sensory trap model suggests males evolve signals that mimic cues used in nonsexual contexts and thus manipulate female behavior to generate mating opportunities. Much evidence supports the sensory trap model, but how females glean reliable information from both mimetic signals and their model cues remains unknown. We discovered a mechanism whereby a manipulative male signal guides reliable communication in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Migratory sea lamprey follow a larval cue into spawning streams; once sexually mature, males release a pheromone that mimics the larval cue and attracts females. Females conceivably benefit from the mimetic pheromone during mate search but must discriminate against the model cue to avoid orienting toward larvae in nearby nursery habitats. We tested the hypothesis that spawning females respond to petromyzonol sulfate (PZS) as a behavioral antagonist to avoid attraction to the larval cue while tracking the male pheromone despite each containing attractive 3-keto petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS). We found 1) PZS inhibited electrophysiological responses to 3kPZS and abated preferences for 3kPZS when mixed at the same or greater concentrations, 2) larvae released more PZS than 3kPZS whereas males released more 3kPZS than PZS, and 3) mixtures of 3kPZS and PZS applied at ratios measured in larval and male odorants resulted in the discrimination observed between the natural odors. Our study elucidates how communication systems that arise via deception can facilitate reliable communication.

scholarly journals On A Methods Of Using Weighted Simulation Improving Reliability To Redundant Fiber Optic Communication Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1538-1550
Author(s):  
Masharipov Otaboy Matyoqubovich, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Fibre Optic ◽  
Network Graph ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Reliable Systems ◽  
Reliability Characteristics ◽  
Visual Enumeration ◽  
Fiber Optic Communication ◽  
Optic Communication ◽  
Time Required

The article describes the methodology of weighted modelling to increase the reliability of redundant fibre-optic communication systems. In a specific example, a network graph of a many-node fibre-optic communication system is considered. Applying general ideas to determine the reliability characteristics of systems consisting of a large number of different types of elements with different functional relationships between them is quite a difficult task. The materials presented in this article are intended to solve this problem. Along with their relative simplicity, they are highly accurate. The numerical examples in this chapter show that the use of these methods for highly reliable systems can reduce the variance of the estimate by several orders of magnitude compared to the direct modelling method, and thus reduce the time required for calculations on electronic computers by several orders of magnitude. The purpose of the study is to increase the reliability of fibre-optic communication systems. The research methodology is based on models with a limited number of monotonous failure chains, which is available for visual enumeration of the reliability of highly reliable systems. As a result, it is proposed to obtain an approximate formula for assessing the reliability of a highly reliable system, both by modelling and analytically, and calculations using it can be performed using the quadrature method or moment methods. This allows you to build a model according to the block principle, including full-scale blocks or records of the results of their tests, simplifies the interpretation of the results, and creates convenience in software implementation.

Effect of Channel Modeling on Intercept Behavior of a Wireless BAN With Optimal Sensor Scheduling

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-124
Author(s):  
Deepti Kakkar ◽  
Gurjot Kaur ◽  
Parveen Kakkar ◽  
Urvashi Sangwan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Personal Area Networks ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Sensor Scheduling ◽  
Healthcare Applications ◽  
Reliable Communication ◽  
Weibull Models ◽  
Health Care Applications

Body area networks (BANs), a type of Personal Area Networks (PANs), form a significant part of health care applications. This chapter analyzes the effect of channel modeling on the intercept behavior of a wireless BAN while taking optimal sensor scheduling into account. A comparison is drawn between Lognormal and Weibull models for this case. Wireless BANs represent wireless networks of sensors allocated on, in, and around the human body. BANs are basically meant for health care applications where long-lasting and reliable operation is a must. Some healthcare applications carry sensitive information, therefore security is an important issue. A BAN with a sink node and various sensors is considered here along with an eavesdropper. Due to the radio wave propagation's broadcast nature, the wireless communication can be overheard by the eavesdropper. To safeguard the BAN, the propagation channels need to be characterized and modeled for designing reliable communication systems.

scholarly journals Flat lizard female mimics use sexual deception in visual but not chemical signals

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1662) ◽  
pp. 1585-1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Whiting ◽  
Jonathan K Webb ◽  
J. Scott Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Chemical Signals ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Reproductive Tactics ◽  
Chemical Recognition ◽  
Female Mimicry ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Understanding what constrains signalling and maintains signal honesty is a central theme in animal communication. Clear cases of dishonest signalling, and the conditions under which they are used, represent an important avenue for improved understanding of animal communication systems. Female mimicry, when certain males take on the appearance of females, is most commonly a male alternative reproductive tactic that is condition-dependent. A number of adaptive explanations for female mimicry have been proposed including avoiding the costs of aggression, gaining an advantage in combat, sneaking copulations with females on the territories of other males, gaining physiological benefits and minimizing the risk of predation. Previous studies of female mimicry have focused on a single mode of communication, although most animals communicate using multiple signals. Male Augrabies flat lizards adopt alternative reproductive tactics in which some males (she-males) mimic the visual appearance of females. We experimentally tested in a wild population whether she-males are able to mimic females using both visual and chemical signals. We tested chemical recognition in the field by removing scent and relabelling females and she-males with either male or female scent. At a distance, typical males (he-males) could not distinguish she-males from females using visual signals, but during close encounters, he-males correctly determined the gender of she-males using chemical signals. She-males are therefore able to deceive he-males using visual but not chemical signals. To effectively deceive he-males, she-males avoid close contact with he-males during which chemical cues would reveal their deceit. This strategy is probably adaptive, because he-males are aggressive and territorial; by mimicking females, she-males are able to move about freely and gain access to females on the territories of resident males.

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