scholarly journals The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries

2005 ◽  
Vol 360 (1453) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Callum M. Roberts ◽  
Julie P. Hawkins ◽  
Fiona R. Gell
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Age Structures

Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations are evident from continuing declines in fish stocks throughout the world. We make the case that to reverse fishery declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive marine reserves that are off limits to fishing must become part of the management strategy. Marine reserves should be incorporated into modern fishery management because they can achieve many things that conventional tools cannot. Only complete and permanent protection from fishing can protect the most sensitive habitats and vulnerable species. Only reserves will allow the development of natural, extended age structures of target species, maintain their genetic variability and prevent deleterious evolutionary change from the effects of fishing. Species with natural age structures will sustain higher rates of reproduction and will be more resilient to environmental variability. Higher stock levels maintained by reserves will provide insurance against management failure, including risk–prone quota setting, provided the broader conservation role of reserves is firmly established and legislatively protected. Fishery management measures outside protected areas are necessary to complement the protection offered by marine reserves, but cannot substitute for it.

scholarly journals The role of marine protected areas in environmental management

2008 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
High Level

Abstract Jennings, S. 2009. The role of marine protected areas in environmental management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 16–21. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one of several tools used to meet management objectives for the marine environment. These objectives reflect political and societal views, and increasingly reconcile fishery and conservation concerns, a consequence of common high-level drivers, such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The contribution of MPAs to meeting objectives should be assessed in conjunction with other tools, taking account of the management systems of which they are part. Many of the same factors determine the success of MPAs and other management tools, such as quality of governance and the social and economic situation of people using marine goods and services. Diverse legislation governs MPA designation. Designation could be simplified by prearranged and prenegotiated agreements among all relevant authorities. Agreements could specify how to make trade-offs among objectives, interpret scientific advice, ensure effective engagement among authorities and stakeholders, deal with appeals, and support progressive improvement. The jurisdiction and competence of fishery management authorities mean that they are well placed to contribute to the design, designation, and enforcement of MPAs. Their strengths include well-established procedures for accessing scientific advice, the capacity to work across multiple jurisdictions, experience with MPA management, and access to vessels and personnel for enforcement.

scholarly journals High-seas fish wars generate marine reserves

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (14) ◽  
pp. 3767-3772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo E. Herrera ◽  
Holly V. Moeller ◽  
Michael G. Neubert
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Stock Size ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Model ◽  
High Seas

The effective management of marine fisheries is an ongoing challenge at the intersection of biology, economics, and policy. One way in which fish stocks—and their habitats—can be protected is through the establishment of marine reserves, areas that are closed to fishing. Although the potential economic benefits of such reserves have been shown for single-owner fisheries, their implementation quickly becomes complicated when more than one noncooperating harvester is involved in fishery management, which is the case on the high seas. How do multiple self-interested actors distribute their fishing effort to maximize their individual economic gains in the presence of others? Here, we use a game theoretic model to compare the effort distributions of multiple noncooperating harvesters with the effort distributions in the benchmark sole owner and open access cases. In addition to comparing aggregate rent, stock size, and fishing effort, we focus on the occurrence, size, and location of marine reserves. We show that marine reserves are a component of many noncooperative Cournot–Nash equilibria. Furthermore, as the number of harvesters increases, (i) both total unfished area and the size of binding reserves (those that actually constrain behavior) may increase, although the latter eventually asymptotically decreases; (ii) total rents and stock size both decline; and (iii) aggregate effort used (i.e., employment) can either increase or decrease, perhaps nonmonotonically.

scholarly journals A review on the status of Tilapiine species in Lakes Victoria and Naivasha, East Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwine Yongo ◽  
Cishahayo Laurent ◽  
Eunice Mutethya
Keyword(s):  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Nile Perch ◽  
Lake Naivasha ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
The Third ◽  
Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
The Status ◽  
Commercially Important

This paper discusses the status of tilapiine species both native and those introduced into lakes Victoria and Naivasha. In Lake Victoria, four exotic tilapiine species (Oreochromis niloticus, O. leucosticus, Coptodon zillii and Coptodon rendalii) were reviewed, while in Lake Naivasha, three species were reviewed (O. niloticus, C. zillii and O. esculentus). The O. niloticus in Lake Victoria caused decline of the native O. variabilis and O. esculentus through competition and hybridization. Only O. niloticus has been able to establish in Lake Victoria, currently forming the third commercially important species after the introduced Nile perch, Lates niloticus and a native cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea, whereas other tilapias are extinct or are occasionally caught in the lake. Predation by Nile perch, overfishing, lake pollution and eutrophication are reported to have impacted negatively on the fish stocks in Lake Victoria. The introduced tilapiine species in Lake Naivasha have also declined in catches primarily attributed to the deteriorating lake conditions, competition and feeding behavior of the introduced Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Only O. leucostictus and O. niloticus are presently recorded in catches in Lake Naivasha, whereas C. zillii is rarely caught in the lake. The biological and population parameters of the tilapiines have shown great variation over time. The O. niloticus and O. leucosticus in the lakes tend to mature early at smaller sizes. These changes are discussed as adaptive characteristics in response to intense fishing and changing ecological conditions. There is therefore need to improve on the measures used to manage the two lakes basing on evidence of the declining fish stocks.

scholarly journals Evaluating the suitability of coupled biophysical models for fishery management

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1478-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Harald Hinrichsen ◽  
Mark Dickey-Collas ◽  
Martin Huret ◽  
Myron A. Peck ◽  
Frode B. Vikebø
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Stock Management ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Biophysical Models ◽  
Observation Process ◽  
Transport Patterns

Abstract Hinrichsen, H-H., Dickey-Collas, M., Huret, M., Peck, M. A., and Vikebø, F. B. 2011. Evaluating the suitability of coupled biophysical models for fishery management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1478–1487. The potential role of coupled biophysical models in enhancing the conservation, management, and recovery of fish stocks is assessed, with emphasis on anchovy, cod, herring, and sprat in European waters. The assessment indicates that coupled biophysical models are currently capable of simulating transport patterns, along with temperature and prey fields within marine ecosystems; they therefore provide insight into the variability of early-life-stage dynamics and connectivity within stocks. Moreover, the influence of environmental variability on potential recruitment success may be discerned from model hindcasts. Based on case studies, biophysical modelling results are shown to be capable of shedding light on whether stock management frameworks need re-evaluation. Hence, key modelling products were identified that will contribute to the development of viable stock recovery plans and management strategies. The study also suggests that approaches combining observation, process knowledge, and numerical modelling could be a promising way forward in understanding and simulating the dynamics of marine fish populations.

Sports Concussions (TBI), Imbalance, and Dizziness

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Doettl
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Post Concussion Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Marker ◽  
Valid Assessment ◽  
Injury Assessment

It has been widely accepted that the assessment of balance after concussion plays a large role in determining deficit. Qualitative balance assessments have been an established piece of the post-injury assessment as a clinical behavioral marker of concussion for many years. Recently more specific guidelines outlining the role of balance evaluation in concussion identification and management have been developed as part of concussion management tools. As part of the ongoing development of concussions protocols, quantitative assessment of balance function following concussion has also been identified to have an important role. Frequently imbalance and dizziness reported following concussion is assumed to be associated with post-concussion syndrome (PCS). While imbalance and dizziness are common complaints in PCS, they can also be a sign of additional underlying pathology. In cases of specific dizziness symptoms or limited balance recovery beyond the initial post-concussive period, a quantitative vestibular assessment may also be needed. Electronystagmography and videonystagmography (ENG/VNG), rotary chair testing (RCT), and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) have all been identified as valid assessment tools for vestibular dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The assessment of balance and dizziness following sports-related concussions is an integral piece of the puzzle for removal from play, assessment of severity, and management.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner and Humber isolates against Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and their extracellular enzymatic activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurmehar Kaur Grewal ◽  
Neelam Joshi ◽  
Yadhu Suneja
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Litura ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Metarhizium Rileyi ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Extracellular Enzymatic Activities ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Background Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious agricultural pest that infests many commercially important crops of Southeast Asian countries. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides has led to various health hazards as well as insecticide resistance. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) provide an important alternative as biological control agents. Metarhizium rileyi is an EPF with a specific host range for lepidopteran pests. The present study aimed to identify virulent M. rileyi isolate against S. litura larvae and analyse their extracellular cuticle-degrading enzyme activities. Results Three M. rileyi isolates viz M. rileyi NIPHM, M. rileyi MTCC 4254 and M. rileyi MTCC 10395 formulations were evaluated at different concentrations against 2nd instar larvae of S. litura. A maximum percent mortality of 63.33% was recorded in M. rileyi NIPHM (12 g/l), followed by M. rileyi MTCC 4254 (58.33%) at the same concentration, 10 days post-treatment. Maximum means of chitinase, protease and lipase activities (0.44, 1.58 and 2.95 U/ml, respectively) were recorded in the case of M. rileyi NIPHM. Correlation analysis was positive between enzyme activity and larval mortality. Conclusions Metarhizium rileyi NIPHM recorded the highest enzymatic activity and exhibited the maximum mortality rate against 2nd instar larvae of S. litura, suggesting the possible role of these enzymes in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Further knowledge in this regard may help in the development of enzyme-based screening methods for selecting virulent fungal isolates for the eco-friendly management of crop pests.

scholarly journals What Kept the Boat Afloat? Sustainability of Employment in Knowledge-Intensive Sectors Due to Government Measures during COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8441
Author(s):  
Michal Hrivnák ◽  
Peter Moritz ◽  
Marcela Chreneková
Keyword(s):  
Key Factors ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Employment Retention ◽  
State Compensation ◽  
Business Resilience ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed new aspects of sustainable entrepreneurship and the resilience of SMEs in the conditions of individual countries. This empirical study contributes to entrepreneurship sustainability literature and business resilience literature by estimating the impact of various utilized internal crisis management tools and state compensation measures on retaining the pre-crisis levels of employment after two waves of the pandemic on the conditions of a V4 country. The study adopts an econometric approach towards assessing the influence of key factors of mitigating the problems caused by the pandemic, and the results suggest a crucial role of digitalization, internal policies optimizing variable costs, and utilization of direct governmental supportive measures to compensate for restrictions in force for employment retention in knowledge-intensive SMEs. According to the results, knowledge-intensive SMEs appears to have increased resilience towards economic shocks due to the capability to swiftly change the management of ventures to adapt to a crisis.

scholarly journals Actualized inventory of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Oaxaca, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cruz-Pérez Alejandra Lucía ◽  
Barrera-Ramos Jacqueline ◽  
Bernal-Ramírez Luis Alberto ◽  
Bravo-Avilez David ◽  
Rendón-Aguilar Beatriz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background Oaxaca is one of the most diverse states in Mexico from biological and cultural points of view. Different ethnic groups living there maintain deep and ancestral traditional knowledge of medicinal plants as well as traditional practices and beliefs about diseases/illnesses and cures. Previous ethnobotanical research in this state has helped document this knowledge, but with the addition of more studies, more records appear. We updated the inventory of medicinal knowledge between the different ethnic groups that inhabit the Oaxacan territory. Methods A database was constructed from two sources: (1) original data from a 3-year project in 84 municipalities of Oaxaca inhabited by eight ethnic groups and (2) different electronic databases. Results Records of 1032 medicinal plants were obtained; 164 families were registered, with Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Rubiaceae being the most commonly used. A total of 770 species were reported in 14 vegetation types; the most important species came from temperate forests. Only 144 species corresponded to introduced species, and 272 were listed in a risk category. Illnesses of the digestive and genitourinary systems as well as culture-bound syndromes were treated with high numbers of medicinal plants. The Mestizo, Mixe, Mixtec, and Zapotec ethnic groups exhibited the greatest number of recorded medicinal plants. The 17 species that were used among almost all ethnic groups in Oaxaca were also used to cure the highest number of diseases. Discussion Inventories of medicinal plants confirm the persistence of traditional knowledge and reflect the need to recognize and respect this cosmovision. Many species are gathered in wild environments. The most important illnesses or diseases recorded in the present inventory are also mentioned in different studies, suggesting that they are common health problems in the rural communities of Mexico. Conclusions Medicinal plants are essential for ethnic groups in Oaxaca. It is necessary to recognize and understand the complex ancestral processes involved in the human-nature interaction and the role of these processes in the conservation of biodiversity and in the survivorship of ethnic groups that have persisted for centuries. Finally, this study serves as a wake-up call to respect those worldviews.

Patchwork of oil and gas facilities in Saudi waters of the Arabian Gulf has the potential to enhance local fisheries production

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 2398-2408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotfi Rabaoui ◽  
Yu-Jia Lin ◽  
Mohammad A. Qurban ◽  
Rommel H. Maneja ◽  
Javier Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Faunal Assemblages ◽  
Fishery Resources ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Coastal Embayments ◽  
Oceanographic Variables

Abstract Because of the increasing oil industry development in the Arabian Gulf, hundreds of oil and gas facilities have been installed in both offshore and inshore areas during the last few decades. However, no studies have been conducted till now on the influence of these platforms on the structure and composition of marine faunal assemblages. The present work addresses this issue to propose environmental management measures connected to the utilization of fishery resources. Offshore and inshore surveys were carried out along the Saudi Gulf waters using trawl and beach-seine nets, respectively. Data relative to only fish (offshore) and fish and invertebrates (inshore) were collected concurrently with several factors: density of oil and gas facilities (offshore), distance to the nearest coastal platform (inshore), oceanographic variables, and habitat characteristics. Results of offshore surveys indicated higher fish density—both total and of fishery resources—in locations with a higher number of oil and gas facilities within a 5 km radius, whereas biomass density was not significantly different. Hence, oil and gas facilities seem to serve as nursery areas for small fish. For inshore communities, more species and diversity were found in stations closer to coastal oil and gas facilities. In addition, among the five coastal embayments sampled, those with more oil and gas facilities had more species. The findings of the present work support the hypothesis of a positive net ecological role of oil and gas platforms of the Saudi Arabian Gulf, with the implication that this effect could be extended to improve the sustainability of important fishery resources.

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