scholarly journals Accelerated phenology of blacklegged ticks under climate warming

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1665) ◽  
pp. 20130556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taal Levi ◽  
Felicia Keesing ◽  
Kelly Oggenfuss ◽  
Richard S. Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Persistent Pathogens ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tick Phenology

The phenology of tick emergence has important implications for the transmission of tick-borne pathogens. A long lag between the emergence of tick nymphs in spring and larvae in summer should increase transmission of persistent pathogens by allowing infected nymphs to inoculate the population of naive hosts that can subsequently transmit the pathogen to larvae to complete the transmission cycle. In contrast, greater synchrony between nymphs and larvae should facilitate transmission of pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections in hosts. Here, we use 19 years of data on blacklegged ticks attached to small-mammal hosts to quantify the relationship between climate warming and tick phenology. Warmer years through May and August were associated with a nearly three-week advance in the phenology of nymphal and larval ticks relative to colder years, with little evidence of increased synchrony. Warmer Octobers were associated with fewer larvae feeding concurrently with nymphs during the following spring. Projected warming by the 2050s is expected to advance the timing of average nymph and larva activity by 8–11 and 10–14 days, respectively. If these trends continue, climate warming should maintain or increase transmission of persistent pathogens, while it might inhibit pathogens that do not produce long-lasting infections.

scholarly journals How general are generalist parasites? The small mammal part of the Lyme disease transmission cycle in two ecosystems in northern Europe

Oecologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atle Mysterud ◽  
Vetle Malmer Stigum ◽  
Harald Linløkken ◽  
Anders Herland ◽  
Hildegunn Viljugrein
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Transmission Cycle

Mortality of Cocoons of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), in Relation to Distance from Small-Mammal Tunnels

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Buckner
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Natural Mortality ◽  
Mortality Factors ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Pristiphora Erichsonii ◽  
Larch Sawfly ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the fate of cocoons of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), and distance from small-mammal tunnels was studied during 1958 in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve of eastern Manitoba. The objects were to determine the distance that small mammals can detect cocoons and to observe possible effects of the interactions of small-mammal predation and other natural mortality factors of the insect. Additional analyses of the data provided information on the behaviour of the predators and the ecology of the prey insect.

Links between spring snow cover and long-term alpine vegetation change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengwei Zong ◽  
Christian Rixen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Alpine Vegetation ◽  
Alpine Ecosystems ◽  
Snow Cover Extent ◽  
The Relationship

<p><span>Snow is an important environmental factor determining distributions of plant species in alpine ecosystems. During the past decades, climate warming has resulted in significant reduction of snow cover extent globally, which led to remarkable alpine vegetation change. Alpine vegetation change is often caused by the combined effects of increasing air temperature and snow cover change, yet the relationship between snow cover and vegetation change is currently not fully understood. To detect changes in both snow cover and alpine vegetation, a relatively fine spatial scales over long temporal spans is necessary. In this study in alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, we (1) quantified spatiotemporal changes of spring snow cover area (SCA) during half a century by using multi-source remote sensing datasets; (2) detected long-term vegetation greening and browning trends at pixel level using Landsat archives of 30 m resolution, and (3) analyzed the relationship between spring SCA change and vegetation change. Results showed that spring SCA has decreased significantly during the last 50 years in line with climate warming. Changes in vegetation greening and browning trend were related to distributional range dynamics of a dominant indigenous evergreen shrub <em>Rhododendron aureum</em>, which extended at the leading edge and retracted at the trailing edge. Changes in <em>R. aureum</em> distribution were probably related to spring snow cover changes. Areas with decreasing <em>R. aureum</em> cover were often located in snow patches where probably herbs and grasses encroached from low elevations and adjacent communities. Our study highlights that spring SCA derived from multi-source remote sensing imagery can be used as a proxy to explore relationship between snow cover and vegetation change in alpine ecosystems. Alpine indigenous plant species may migrate upward following the reduction of snow-dominated environments in the context of climate warming and could be threatened by encroaching plants within snow bed habitats.</span></p>

scholarly journals Effect of landscape features on the relationship between Ixodes ricinus ticks and their small mammal hosts

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grégoire Perez ◽  
Suzanne Bastian ◽  
Albert Agoulon ◽  
Agnès Bouju ◽  
Axelle Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Landscape Features ◽  
Ixodes Ricinus Ticks ◽  
The Relationship

Experimental climate warming alters the relationship between fungal root symbiosis and Sphagnum litter phenolics in two peatland microhabitats

2017 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Binet ◽  
Soraya Rouifed ◽  
Vincent E.J. Jassey ◽  
Marie-Laure Toussaint ◽  
Geneviève Chiapusio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Root Symbiosis ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Highly divergent lineage of narrow-headed vole from the Late Pleistocene Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Baca ◽  
Danijela Popović ◽  
Anna Lemanik ◽  
Katarzyna Baca ◽  
Ivan Horáček ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Central European ◽  
Divergent Lineage ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Small Mammal Species

AbstractDuring the Late Pleistocene, narrow-headed voles (Lasiopodomys gregalis) inhabited Eurasia’s vast territories, frequently becoming the dominant small mammal species among steppe-tundra communities. We investigated the relationship between this species’ European and Asiatic populations by sequencing the mtDNA genomes of two extant specimens from Russia and 10 individuals from five Central European sites, dated to the post-LGM period. Phylogenetic analyses based on a large portion of mtDNA genomes highly supported the positioning of L. gregalis within Arvicolinae. The phylogeny based on mtDNA cytochrome b sequences revealed a deep divergence of European narrow-headed voles from Asiatic ones and their sister position against the extant L. gregalis and L. raddei. The divergence of the European lineage was estimated to a minimum 230 thousand years ago. This suggest, contrary to the current biogeographic hypotheses, that during the interglacial periods narrow-headed vole did not retreat from Europe but survived the unfavourable conditions within the refugial areas. Based on this result, we propose to establish a cryptic species status for the Late Pleistocene European narrow-headed vole and to name this taxon Lasiopodomys anglicus.

An 11-year study of small mammal populations at Mont St. Hilaire, Quebec

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2156-2173 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Blarina Brevicauda ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Relevant Factors

Mont St. Hilaire has an area of about 10 km2 covered by sugar maple and beech forest. Longworth traps were used on 46 grids from 1966 to 1976 in the snow-free period, mainly in June. One thousand and fifty-one individuals of 10 species of small mammals were captured. Two-thirds of these were Peromyscus, mainly P. maniculatus. Six female and one male Microtus pennsylvanicus were captured, all at least 1000 m from the nearest grassland, which is the usual habitat of this species.Within the forest the species apparently do not segregate into different habitats. Distribution, as measured by the number of grids on which each species was captured, is a function of total numbers. The relationship holds intraspecifically and interspecifically. Peromyscus (species combined), Clethrionomys gapperi, and Blarina brevicauda varied in June numbers from year to year. The range of variation was greatest for Peromyscus. Numbers of Peromyscus and Clethrionomys did not vary synchronously, and neither showed evidence of a regular periodicity in their fluctuations. Regular periodicity in fluctuations appears to be more prevalent in boreal forest populations than in deciduous forest populations. Some of the relevant factors are discussed.Le Mont Saint-Hilaire a une superficie d'environ 10 km2 et est recouvert d'une forêt d'érables à sucre et de hêtres. On a utilisé des pièges Longworth dans 46 sections d'un quadrillage, de 1966 à 1976, durant la période sans neige, surtout en juin. On a recueilli de cette façon 1051 petits mammifères appartenant à 10 espèces. Les deux-tiers de ces animaux appartiennent au genre Peromyscus, et ce sont surtout des P. maniculatus. Six femelles et un mâle de Microtus pennsylvanicus ont été capturés, tous à au moins 1000 m de la prairie la plus proche, environnement habituel de cette espèce.

The Sensitivity of Mountain Snowpack Accumulation to Climate Warming

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2634-2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Minder
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Orographic Precipitation ◽  
Cascade Mountains ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Physically Based Models ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precipitation Enhancement

Abstract Controls on the sensitivity of mountain snowpack accumulation to climate warming (λS) are investigated. This is accomplished using two idealized, physically based models of mountain snowfall to simulate snowpack accumulation for the Cascade Mountains under current and warmed climates. Both models are forced from sounding observations. The first model uses the linear theory (LT) model of orographic precipitation to predict precipitation as a function of the incoming flow characteristics and uses the sounding temperatures to estimate the elevation of the rain–snow boundary, called the melting level (ML). The second “ML model” uses only the ML from the sounding and assumptions of uniform and constant precipitation. Both models simulate increases in precipitation intensity and elevated storm MLs under climate warming. The LT model predicts a 14.8%–18.1% loss of Cascade snowfall per degree of warming, depending on the vertical structure of the warming. The loss of snowfall is significantly greater, 19.4%–22.6%, if precipitation increases are neglected. Comparing the two models shows that the predominant control on λS is the relationship between the distribution of storm MLs and the distribution of topographic area with elevation. Although increases in precipitation due to warming may act to moderate λS, the loss of snow accumulation area profoundly limits the ability of precipitation increases to maintain the snowpack under substantial climate warming (beyond 1°–2°C). Circulation changes may act to moderate or exacerbate the loss of mountain snowpack under climate change via impacts on orographic precipitation enhancement.

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