Cooperating to show that you care: costly helping as an honest signal of fitness interdependence

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1838) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Barclay ◽  
Rebecca Bliege Bird ◽  
Gilbert Roberts ◽  
Szabolcs Számadó
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Know How ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Trust Games ◽  
Helping Behaviour ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Signalling Systems

Social organisms often need to know how much to trust others to cooperate. Organisms can expect cooperation from another organism that depends on them (i.e. stake or fitness interdependence), but how do individuals assess fitness interdependence? Here, we extend fitness interdependence into a signalling context: costly helping behaviour can honestly signal one's stake in others, such that those who help are trusted more. We present a mathematical model in which agents help others based on their stake in the recipient's welfare, and recipients use that information to assess whom to trust. At equilibrium, helping is a costly signal of stake: helping is worthwhile for those who value the recipient (and thus will repay any trust), but is not worthwhile for those who do not value the recipient (and thus will betray the trust). Recipients demand signals when they value the signallers less and when the cost of betrayed trust is higher; signal costs are higher when signallers have more incentive to defect. Signalling systems are more likely when the trust games resemble Prisoner's Dilemmas, Stag Hunts or Harmony Games, and are less likely in Snowdrift Games. Furthermore, we find that honest signals need not benefit recipients and can even occur between hostile parties. By signalling their interdependence, organisms benefit from increased trust, even when no future interactions will occur. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The language of cooperation: reputation and honest signalling’.

scholarly journals Evolution of passwords for cost-free honest signalling between symbionts and hosts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Archetti ◽  
J. Benjamin Miller ◽  
Douglas W. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Complex Species ◽  
Juvenile Mortality ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Soft Selection

AbstractHonest communication between potential partners with conflicting interests is generally thought to require costly signals. Costly signalling can explain partner choice when it is possible to link a strategic cost to an individual’s quality, like in mate choice. However, in mutualisms, it is usually impossible to link a cost to the likelihood that a potential partner will behave cooperatively in the future. In fact, signals like Nod factors in rhizobial bacteria, which form symbioses with leguminous plants, are evidence of cost-free, honest signals in situations of potential conflict. How can such a signalling system evolve? We use a population-genetics model to show that a cost-free, honest signal can evolve when the receiver is under soft selection, which is when high juvenile mortality does not lead to a corresponding reduction in fitness, a common occurrence in many species. Under soft selection, senders evolve increasingly complex messages of identity, a system akin to a password or a lock and key. Thus, a symbiont can signal that it shares a coevolutionary history with a potential host, and if that history is mutualistic, then the host can believe that the symbiont is mutualistic. Password signalling might also explain the acquisition of some defensive symbionts and the evolution of complex species-recognition signals in mate choice. “…Say now Shibboleth: and he said Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it right. Then they took him, and slew him….” — Judges 12:6, King James Version

scholarly journals Honest signalling of trustworthiness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Simple Representation ◽  
Helping Behaviour ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Evolutionary Simulations ◽  
Reputation Building

AbstractTrust can transform conflicting interests into cooperation. But how can individuals know when to trust others? Here, I develop the theory that reputation building may signal cooperative intent, or ‘trustworthiness’. I model a simple representation of this theory in which individuals (1) optionally invest in a reputation by performing costly helpful behaviour (‘signalling’); (2) optionally use others’ reputations when choosing a partner; and (3) optionally cooperate with that partner. In evolutionary simulations, high levels of reputation building; of choosing partners based on reputation; and of cooperation within partnerships emerged. Costly helping behaviour evolved into an honest signal of trustworthiness when it was adaptive for cooperators, relative to defectors, to invest in the long-term benefits of a reputation for helping. I show using game theory that this occurs when cooperators gain larger marginal benefits from investing in signalling than do defectors. This happens without the usual costly signalling assumption that individuals are of two ‘types’ which differ in quality. Signalling of trustworthiness may help explain phenomena such as philanthropy, pro-sociality, collective action, punishment, and advertising in humans and may be particularly applicable to courtship in other animals.

scholarly journals The role of equilibrium cost in the evolution of honest signalling: waste or optimal investment?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Számadó ◽  
Dustin J. Penn
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Cost Models ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Differential Costs ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThe relationship between signal cost and honesty is a controversial and unresolved issue. The handicap principle assumes that signals must be costly at equilibrium to be honest, and the greater the cost, the more reliable the signal. However, theoretical models and simulations question the necessity of equilibrium cost for the evolution of honest signalling. Honest signals can evolve without costs, and they can evolve through differential benefits with no need for differential costs. Here we investigate the role of equilibrium signal cost in the evolution of honest signals in both differential benefit and differential cost models using an agent-based simulation. We found that there is an optimal investment paid by honest individual that allows for the highest level of honesty when there is correlation between signal cost paid by low and high-quality individuals. This holds for both differential benefit and differential cost models as long there is a correlation between signal cost paid by low and high quality individuals. However, increasing equilibrium signal cost poses an obstacle and hinders the evolution of honest signalling when there is no correlation between the cost paid by low and high-quality individuals. Last but not least, we found that the potential cost of cheating is a much better predictor of honesty than the equilibrium cost paid by honest signallers.

PENGEMBANGAN USAHA RUMAHAN PEMBUAT ROTI MANIS ANGGOTA KOMUNITAS MEMASAK CHEF DEPOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Wulandari ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati
Keyword(s):  
Business Management ◽  
Business Development ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Good Food

                                                             AbstrakKomunitas memasak Chef Depok adalah kelompok  wanita yang ingin meningkatkan kemampuan dan wawasan dalam bidang kuliner, dan ingin mendapatkan penghasilan tambahan dengan membuat berbagai masakan terutama roti manis. Kelompok ini masih memiliki masalah. Mitra belum bisa menentukan harga pokok produk dengan benar, belum mempunyai pembukuan, dan kondisi produk yang tidak konsisten. Pengembangan usaha rumahan pembuat roti manis anggota komunitas memasak Chef Depok telah dilakukan. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah: 1) Perbaikan dan pendampingan manajemen usaha; dan 2) Standarisasi proses pembuatan roti manis sehingga produk yang dihasilkan konsisten dan sesuai dengan yang diinginkan. Tim abdimas bertindak sebagai fasilitator dan telah melakukan pendampingan untuk menentukan harga pokok produk dan pembukuan sederhana.   Selain itu mitra telah mengetahui cara produksi pangan yang baik, standarisasi resep, dan penerapan higiene dan sanitasi yang baik sehingga dihasilkan produk roti manis yang konsisten. Pengetahuan dan kemampuan mitra terhadap materi yang diberikan meningkat rata-rata sebesar 57.75%.  Kata kunci—Komunitas Chef Depok, roti manis, harga pokok produk, pembukuan sederhana, cara produksi yang baik, higienis  Abstract        The Depok Chef cooking community is a group of women who want to improve ability and insight in the culinary field, and want to earn income additions by making various dishes, especially sweet bread. This group is still have a problem. Partners have not been able to determine the cost of goods properly, not yet have accounting, and inconsistent product conditions. Business development home made sweet bread maker member of the Chef Depok cooking community. Aim these activities are: 1) Improvement and mentoring of business management; and 2) Standardization the process of making sweet bread so that the resulting product is consistent and in accordance with which are desired. The abdimas team acts as a facilitator and has provided assistance to determine the cost of goods and simple bookkeeping. In addition partners have know how to produce good food, standardize recipes, and apply hygiene and good sanitation to produce consistent sweet bread products. Knowledge and the partner's ability to deliver the material increased by an average of 57.75%. Keywords— Chef Depok Cooking’s Community ; Sweet Bread ; Cost of Good Properly ; Simple Bookkeeping ; Produce Good food  ; Hygienis  

Modernization of Water Treatment System at Agricultural Enterprises Due to Introduction of Solar Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Alina A. Aleksandrova ◽  
Maksim S. Zhuzhin ◽  
Yuliya M. Dulepova
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Solar Water Heater ◽  
Water Heater ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
The Cost

Energy saving today is an integral part of the development strategy of agricultural organizations. Considerable attention is paid to the modernization and automation of technological processes in agricultural enterprises, which can improve the quality of work and reduce the cost of production. The direction of modernization is to reduce the consumption of electric energy by improving the water treatment system in livestock complexes. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to determine the potential of solar energy used in the Nizhny Novgorod region and to determine the possibility of its use for water heating in livestock complexes and to consider the cost-effectiveness of using a device to heat water through solar energy. (Materials and methods) Authors used an improved algorithm of Pixer and Laszlo, applied in the NASA project «Surface meteorology and Energy», which allows to calculate the optimal angle of inclination of the device for heating water. (Results and discussion) Designed a mock-up of a livestock complex with a solar water heater installed on the roof, protected by patent for invention No. 2672656. A mathematical model was designed experimentally to predict the results of the plant operation in non-described modes. (Conclusions) The article reveales the optimal capacity of the circulation pump. Authors have created a mathematical model of the device that allows to predict the water heating in a certain period of time. The article presents the calculations on the energy and economic efficiency of using a solar water heater. An electric energy saving of about 30 percent, in the economic equivalent of 35 percent.

Duchenne Smiles as Honest Signals of Chronic Positive Mood

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162095983
Author(s):  
Kennon M. Sheldon ◽  
Mike Corcoran ◽  
Melanie Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Positive Mood ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Happy People ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Neutral Mood ◽  
Duchenne Smiles ◽  
Positivity Offset ◽  
Behavioral Influences ◽  
Better Than

Chronic positive mood (CPM) has been shown to confer a wide variety of social, functional, and health benefits. Some researchers have argued that humans evolved to feel CPM, which explains why most people report better than neutral mood (the “positivity offset bias”) and why particularly happy people have particularly good outcomes. Here, we argue that the Duchenne smile evolved as an honest signal of high levels of CPM, alerting others to the psychological fitness of the smiler. Duchenne smiles are honest because they express felt positive emotion, making it difficult for unhappy people to produce them. Duchenne smiles enable happy people to signal and cooperate with one another, boosting their advantages. In our literature review, we found (a) that not all Duchenne smiles are “honest,” although producing them in the absence of positive emotion is difficult and often detectable, and (b) that the ability to produce and recognize Duchenne smiles may vary somewhat by a person’s cultural origin. In the final section of the article, we consider behavioral influences on CPM, reviewing research showing that engaging in eudaimonic activity reliably produces CPM, as posited by the eudaimonic-activity model. This research suggests that frequent Duchenne smiling may ultimately signal eudaimonic personality as well as CPM.

scholarly journals An Optimized Mathematical Model for Items Supplies Planning of a Logistic System

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Nasiri Khalili ◽  
Mostafa Kafaei Razavi ◽  
Morteza Kafaee Razavi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Multiple Objective Decision Making ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Purchasing Logistics ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
First Time

Items supplies planning of a logistic system is one of the major issue in operations research. In this article the aim is to determine how much of each item per month from each supplier logistics system requirements must be provided. To do this, a novel multi objective mixed integer programming mathematical model is offered for the first time. Since in logistics system, delivery on time is very important, the first objective is minimization of time in delivery on time costs (including lack and maintenance costs) and the cost of purchasing logistics system. The second objective function is minimization of the transportation supplier costs. Solving the mathematical model shows how to use the Multiple Objective Decision Making (MODM) can provide the ensuring policy and transportation logistics needed items. This model is solved with CPLEX and computational results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.

scholarly journals What maintains signal honesty in animal colour displays used in mate choice?

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Weaver ◽  
Rebecca E. Koch ◽  
Geoffrey E. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Honest Signalling ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Signal Honesty ◽  
Physiological Pathways ◽  
Index Hypothesis ◽  
Male Ornaments ◽  
Colour Signals

Many of the colour displays of animals are proposed to have evolved in response to female mate choice for honest signals of quality, but such honest signalling requires mechanisms to prevent cheating. The most widely accepted and cited mechanisms for ensuring signal honesty are based on the costly signalling hypothesis, which posits that costs associated with ornamentation prevent low-quality males from being highly ornamented. Alternatively, by the index hypothesis, honesty can be achieved via cost-free mechanisms if ornament production is causally linked to core physiological pathways. In this essay, we review how a costly signalling framework has shaped empirical research in mate choice for colourful male ornaments and emphasize that alternative interpretations are plausible under an index signalling framework. We discuss the challenges in both empirically testing and distinguishing between the two hypotheses, noting that they need not be mutually exclusive. Finally, we advocate for a comprehensive approach to studies of colour signals that includes the explicit consideration of cost-free mechanisms for honesty. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

Autonomous Energy Efficient Co-Generation Units

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 580-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Petrichenko ◽  
Dmitriy Tseytin ◽  
Darya Nemova ◽  
Nikita Kharkov
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Liquefied Gas

The technology of application of the liquefied gas for the centralized providing with energy resources of a complex of building remote from network energy resources is considered in this work, the economic-mathematical model of the first approach of the concept of the device of the settlement, allowing to determine the cost of received energy and equipment payback periods is offered.

scholarly journals A simulation to identify the optimal area to survey in the early stage of invasion by Solenopsis invicta

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shumpei Hisamoto ◽  
Koichi Goka ◽  
Yoshiko Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Solenopsis Invicta ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Single Colony ◽  
The Status ◽  
Optimal Area ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Efforts to eradicate invasive alien species commonly use simulations to calculate the cost-effectiveness of surveys. Although eradication of Solenopsis invicta in the early stages of an invasion is important, few simulations are available to calculate the cost-effectiveness of surveys when a single colony has been detected. In the case of S. invicta, it is difficult to determine from the status of the detected colony whether new queens have dispersed, so it is necessary to consider dispersal as a probabilistic event and calculate its probability. We therefore first constructed a mathematical model in which we used Bayesian statistics to estimate the probability of dispersal as a function of the results of the survey. This mathematical model revealed that the efficacy of the survey and the associated cost differed greatly between cases depending on whether dispersal was or was not confirmed. Next, we developed a simulation that incorporated this mathematical model to inform the determination of the survey area when a single colony had been detected. The simulation showed how ecological parameters and geographical information could be used to identify an efficacious survey area, even in heterogeneous landscapes such as international ports where invasions occur sporadically. Finally, we used this simulation to assess the efficacy of a survey in the case of an S. invicta outbreak at the Port of Tokyo, Japan. The results suggested that the survey covered a sufficiently wide area but that it could have been designed in a more efficacious manner.

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