scholarly journals Rethinking the frequency code: a meta-analytic review of the role of acoustic body size in communicative phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1840) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo Winter ◽  
Grace Eunhae Oh ◽  
Iris Hübscher ◽  
Kaori Idemaru ◽  
Lucien Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Voice Pitch ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Frequency Code ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Polite Speech

The widely cited frequency code hypothesis attempts to explain a diverse range of communicative phenomena through the acoustic projection of body size. The set of phenomena includes size sound symbolism (using /i/ to signal smallness in words such as teeny ), intonational phonology (using rising contours to signal questions) and the indexing of social relations via vocal modulation, such as lowering one's voice pitch to signal dominance. Among other things, the frequency code is commonly interpreted to suggest that polite speech should be universally signalled via high pitch owing to the association of high pitch with small size and submissiveness. We present a cross-cultural meta-analysis of polite speech of 101 speakers from seven different languages. While we find evidence for cross-cultural variation, voice pitch is on average lower when speakers speak politely, contrary to what the frequency code predicts. We interpret our findings in the light of the fact that pitch has a multiplicity of possible communicative meanings. Cultural and contextual variation determines which specific meanings become manifest in a specific interactional context. We use the evidence from our meta-analysis to propose an updated view of the frequency code hypothesis that is based on the existence of many-to-many mappings between speech acoustics and communicative interpretations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)’.

Cross-cultural multimodal politeness: The phonetics of Japanese deferential speech in comparison to Korean

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-555
Author(s):  
Kaori Idemaru ◽  
Bodo Winter ◽  
Lucien Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Vocal Cues ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Japanese Female ◽  
Common Strategy ◽  
The Common ◽  
Phonetic Cues ◽  
Phonetic Features ◽  
Polite Speech

AbstractPragmatic meanings are not only conveyed through words alone, but also through how words are produced phonetically. The current study investigated phonetic features that characterize the distinction between deferential and non-deferential speech style in Japanese. The Japanese data were then compared to previously published Korean data collected through the same methodology. The results revealed striking similarities between the two languages: Deferential voice is quieter and breathier, and has less fluctuation of pitch and loudness. The common strategy appears to sound calm and soft. Whereas Korean deferential speech was additionally low-pitched, Japanese did not show a consistent relationship between deferential meanings and pitch. The results diverge from the long-held view that Japanese polite speech is high-pitched, and they also deviate from the view that polite speech is universally associated with high pitch. The current findings demonstrate the importance of considering politeness as a complex phenomenon communicated via a number of phonetic cues, rather than a single cue (e. g. pitch). On top of a production study, we performed a perception study which showed that Japanese politeness, just as was shown for Korean politeness previously, can be perceived through vocal cues alone. The results also showed that Japanese female speakers do not necessarily do more to sound polite compared to male speakers, also contrary to previous claims.

A Meta Analytic Review of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Augusty P. A ◽  
Jain Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Effective Leadership ◽  
Leadership Effectiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Relationship

The study evaluates the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness through a Systematic Review of Literature. The relationship has been evaluated in two steps. First, a Systematic review of literature was done to provide a theoretical framework to link the dimensions of Emotional Intelligence to the elements of effective leadership. Meta-analysis was then used to consolidate empirical evidence of the relationship. The studies for the meta-analysis were sourced from Pro Quest and EBSCO and the correlation coefficients of the studies were analysed. Only articles that presented the direct relationship between the variables were included in the study. The results of the analysis revealed a strong, statistically significant relationship between emotional intelligence and effective leadership. The findings of the study provide evidence for the proposition that Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness are interrelated.

Rumination in Borderline Personality Disorder: Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara J. Richman ◽  
Zsolt Unoka ◽  
Robert Dudas ◽  
Zsolt Demetrovics
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Self Harm

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by deficits in emotion regulation and affective liability. Of this domain, ruminative behaviors have been considered a core feature of emotion dysregulation difficulties. Despite this, inconsistencies have existed in the literature regarding which rumination type is most prominent in those with BPD symptoms. Moreover, no meta-analytic review has been performed to date on rumination in BPD. Taking this into consideration, a meta-analysis was performed to assess how BPD symptoms correlate with rumination, while also considering clinical moderator variables (i.e., BPD symptom domain, co-morbidities, GAF score) and demographic moderator variables (i.e., age, gender, sample type, and education level). Analysis of correlation across rumination domains for the entire sample revealed a medium overall correlation between BPD symptoms and rumination. When assessing types of rumination, the largest correlation was among pain rumination followed by anger, depressive, and anxious rumination. Among BPD symptom domain, affective instability had the strongest correlation with increased rumination, followed by unstable relationships, identity disturbance, and self-harm/ impulsivity, respectively. Demographic variables showed no significance. Clinical implications are considered and further therapeutic interventions are discussed in the context of rumination.

scholarly journals Independent evolution towards larger body size in the distinctive Faroe Island mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Wilches ◽  
William H Beluch ◽  
Ellen McConnell ◽  
Diethard Tautz ◽  
Yingguang Frank Chan
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Laboratory Mouse ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Multiple Loci

Abstract Most phenotypic traits in nature involve the collective action of many genes. Traits that evolve repeatedly are particularly useful for understanding how selection may act on changing trait values. In mice, large body size has evolved repeatedly on islands and under artificial selection in the laboratory. Identifying the loci and genes involved in this process may shed light on the evolution of complex, polygenic traits. Here, we have mapped the genetic basis of body size variation by making a genetic cross between mice from the Faroe Islands, which are among the largest and most distinctive natural populations of mice in the world, and a laboratory mouse strain selected for small body size, SM/J. Using this F2 intercross of 841 animals, we have identified 111 loci controlling various aspects of body size, weight and growth hormone levels. By comparing against other studies, including the use of a joint meta-analysis, we found that the loci involved in the evolution of large size in the Faroese mice were largely independent from those of a different island population or other laboratory strains. We hypothesize that colonization bottleneck, historical hybridization, or the redundancy between multiple loci have resulted in the Faroese mice achieving an outwardly similar phenotype through a distinct evolutionary path.

scholarly journals Effects of Gamification on Behavioral Change in Education: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3550
Author(s):  
Jihoon Kim ◽  
Darla M. Castelli
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Learning Outcome ◽  
Random Effects Model ◽  
Educational Setting ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Academic Search

Background: Gamified reward systems, such as providing digital badges earned for specific accomplishments, are related to student engagement in educational settings. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analytic review to quantify the effects of gamified interventions on student behavioral change. Methods: A meta-analysis was performed using the following databases: The Academic Search Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Education Source, ERIC, Library Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and PsycINFO. Inclusion in the review required: (a) peer-reviewed conducted between 2010 and 2019, (b) experimental controlled design, (c) gamification elements, and (d) educational setting. Results: Using a random-effects model, a statistically significant (Cohen’s d (ES) = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.62) gamification effect was evidenced by moderate and positive grand effects sizes (ES). Gamification effects were higher with adults in higher education (ES = 0.95) than K-12 students (ES = 0.92). Brief interventions delivered in days or less than 1 week were significantly more effective (ES = 1.57) than interventions lasting up to 20 weeks (ES = 0.30). Interventions incorporating gamification elements across years (ES = −0.20) was adversely associated with behavioral change. Conclusions: Findings suggest that short-term over longer-term gamified interventions might be a promising way to initiate changes in learner’s behaviors and improve learning outcome.

scholarly journals Effective Components of School-Based Prevention Programs for Child Abuse: A Meta-Analytic Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gubbels ◽  
Claudia E. van der Put ◽  
Geert-Jan J. M. Stams ◽  
Mark Assink
Keyword(s):  
Child Abuse ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
School Based ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Program Components ◽  
Self Protection

AbstractSchool-based programs seem promising for child abuse prevention. However, research mainly focused on sexual child abuse and knowledge is lacking on how individual program components contribute to the effectiveness of school-based prevention programs for any form of child abuse. This study aimed to examine the overall effect of these school-based programs on (a) children’s child abuse-related knowledge and (b) self-protection skills by conducting two three-level meta-analyses. Furthermore, moderator analyses were performed to identify how program components and delivery techniques were associated with effectiveness. A literature search yielded 34 studies (158 effect sizes; N = 11,798) examining knowledge of child abuse and 22 studies (99 effect sizes; N = 7804) examining self-protection skills. A significant overall effect was found of school-based programs on both knowledge (d = 0.572, 95% CI [0.408, 0.737], p < 0.001) and self-protection skills (d = 0.528, 95% CI [0.262, 0.794], p < 0.001). The results of the first meta-analysis on children’s child abuse knowledge suggest that program effects were larger in programs addressing social–emotional skills of children (d = 0.909 for programs with this component versus d = 0.489 for programs without this component) and self-blame (d = 0.776 versus d = 0.412), and when puppets (d = 1.096 versus d = 0.500) and games or quizzes (d = 0.966 versus d = 0.494) were used. The second meta-analysis on children’s self-protections skills revealed that no individual components or techniques were associated with increased effectiveness. Several other study and program characteristics did moderate the overall effects and are discussed. In general, school-based prevention programs show positive effects on both knowledge and self-protection skills, and the results imply that program effectiveness can be improved by implementing specific components and techniques.

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Relationship Between Learning Organization and Organizational Performance and Employee Attitudes: Using the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire

2021 ◽  
pp. 153448432098736
Author(s):  
Boreum Ju ◽  
Yunsoo Lee ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Seung Won Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Learning Organization ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Employee Attitudes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Dimensions Of Learning ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this meta-analysis study is to examine the correlations between the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) and frequently examined outcomes including organizational performance and employee attitudes. Positive relationships were found between the DLOQ and organizational performance (e.g., financial, knowledge, and innovative performance) and employee attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment and job satisfaction) and the sub-dimensions (e.g., affective, continuance, and normative commitment), with a notable exception of a negative relationship between the DLOQ and turnover. Because the DLOQ has been used in many countries over the years, this study also examined the influence of national culture on the outcomes. Power distance moderated the relationship between the learning organization and overall organizational performance. Our meta-analytic review makes substantive contributions to the literature on the learning organization concept and the study of national culture as a significant moderator. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Model of Goal-Directed Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality: A Meta-analytic Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752199124
Author(s):  
Weisheng Chiu ◽  
Heetae Cho
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Causal Relationships ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

The model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) has been widely utilized to explore consumer behavior in the fields of tourism and hospitality. However, prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent findings with respect to the causal relationships of the MGB variables. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review based on studies that had previously applied MGB. Moreover, we compared the cultural differences that emerged within MGB. By reviewing and analyzing 37 studies with 39 samples ( N = 14,581), this study found that among the causal relationships within MGB, positive anticipated emotion was the most influential determinant in the formation of consumer desire. In addition, different patterns of causal relationships between Eastern culture and Western culture were identified within MGB. This article is the first meta-analysis to address the application of MGB in tourism and hospitality and, thus, contributes to the theoretical advancement of MGB.

Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-analytic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 097226292199435
Author(s):  
Jain Mathew ◽  
Sridevi Nair
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Psychological Empowerment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Intervening Variables

Studies in the area of psychological empowerment have been on the rise since early 1990s. Given the large amount of information available, the researchers aim to consolidate findings, in order to arrive at a deeper understanding of the concept and its relation to job satisfaction of employees in organizations. The researchers have identified 50 studies, set in varied cultural and organizational settings. The data from these studies form the basis of the analysis in this paper. A meta-analysis of the findings of the chosen studies was conducted. This is followed by a systematic review of literature, to identify a few probable intervening variables that modify the relationship. The findings of the analysis suggest that the direct relation between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction is positive, strong and statistically significant. The study supports the validity of one of the earliest models explaining the relation. The paper establishes that the direct relation between psychological empowerment and job satisfaction is strong, positive and significant. The variations in the strength of the relationship is due to the presence of certain intervening variables like culture, age, educational qualification and experience.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document