IV. On oxalic acid

1808 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 63-95 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete History

Oxalic acid, from the united testimony of Ehrhart, Hermbstadt, and Westrumb, appears to have been discovered by Scheele; but it is to Bergman that we are indebted for the first account of its properties. He published his dissertation on it in 1776, and since that time very little has been added to the facts contained in his valuable treatise. Chemists have chiefly directed their attention to the formation of that acid, and much curious and important information has resulted from the experiments of Hermbstadt, Westrumb, Berthollet, Fourcroy, and Vauquelin, &c. but the properties of the acid itself, have been rather neglected. My object in the following pages is not to give a complete history of the properties of oxalic acid, but merely to state the result of a set of experiments, undertaken with the view of ascertaining different particulars respecting it, which I conceived to be of importance.

scholarly journals XV. Researches on acids of the lactic series.—No. 1. Synthesis of acids of the lactic series

1866 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 309-359 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Chemistry ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New Members ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Complete History ◽  
General Method

With the exception of the acetic series, no family of organic acids has excited so much interest amongst chemists, and been the subject of such numerous researches, as that represented by lactic acid. Its character, intermediate between the monobasic and dibasic acids, its close relations to the acetic and acrylic families, and the numerous important transformations which it undergoes, have all contributed to render this family an attractive subject for experimental inquiry and a fruitful source of theoretical specu­lation. These inquiries and hypotheses have contributed greatly to the elucidation of the habits of these acids, and still more to the general progress of organic chemistry. Nevertheless there are two circumstances which have materially interfered with their complete success; these are, the comparatively small number of the known members of this series, and the absence of any synthetical proof of the nature of their consti­tuent radicals. These obstacles to a more satisfactory conception of the internal archi­tecture of the acids in question we have endeavoured to remove by the production, according to purely synthetical methods, of a number of new members of this series, a brief notice of which we have from time to time had the honour of submitting to the Royal Society, and the more complete history of which we propose to develope in the following pages. Our general method for synthetically producing the acids of the lactic series depends upon the replacement of one of the atoms of dyad oxygen in oxalic acid, or rather in the ethereal salts of oxalic acid, by two atoms of monad alcohol radicals. Such a replacement at once transforms dibasic oxalic acid into a monobasic acid of the lactic series. The nature of this transformation, as well as the relations of oxalic acid to the lactic family, is clearly seen from the following comparison of the formulae of oxalic acid and of its derivative, dimethoxalic acid.

Empedocles' Cosmic Cycle

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Denis O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete History

Hitherto reconstructions of Empedocles' cosmic cycle have usually been offered as part of a larger work, a complete history of Presocratic thought, or a complete study of Empedocles. Consequently there has perhaps been a lack of thoroughness in collecting and sifting evidence that relates exclusively to the main features of the cosmic cycle.

A STUDY OF ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF MIDDLE EAR GRANULATIONS IN CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIAAND THEIR MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Shambhu Sharan Gupta ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Debarshi Jana
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Topical Steroid ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Male Preponderance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Cautery ◽  
Rural Patients ◽  
Complete History

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the etiopathogenesis of middle ear granulations in cases of Chronic Otitis Media (COM) and their management. Materials and Methods:Aprospective study was conducted on 100 patients over a period of 12 months. Patients clinically diagnosed as COM and operated, with the ndings of granulations in middle ear were included in this study. Each of these patients was subjected to complete history and thorough ENT examination after taking proper written informed consent. Clinical and laboratory data from the study was recorded as per the proforma. Results:Analysis of data revealed that maximum cases were found in the second or third decade of life with a male preponderance. Rural patients were 75% as compared to those from urban background 25%. Mucosal type of COM was found in 69% patients and squamous type in 31% patients. Maximum patients presented with history of discharge since 5-10 years, mostly mucopurulent type of discharge. Granulations were found to be present at more that one site in middle ear in most of the patients. Incus was the most commonly involved ossicle. Conservative management included chemical cautery and aural toilet followed with antibiotics with topical steroid.

The Editions of Milton's History of Britain

PMLA ◽  
1920 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Harry Glicksman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Writings ◽  
Complete History

Separate editions of Milton's History of Britain appeared in 1670, 1677, 1695, and 1818. It has been included in all the important collections of his prose works. In 1706, moreover, Dr. White Kennett, whose Complete History of England is a series of historical writings from the pens of various authors, chose Milton's work to do duty for the period preceding the Norman Conquest. Foot-notes were added, though of no remarkable value. The first of Kennett's three folio volumes was republished in 1719; in 1870 Milton's history, and along with it two of the other contributions to the first volume, were reprinted under one octavo cover; in 1878 appeared a stereotype reproduction of the volume of 1870.

scholarly journals EXPLORING FRAMEWORKS FOR A HISTORY OF EARTH BUILDING IN AOTEAROA NEW ZEALAND

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 969-976
Author(s):  
M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
First Century ◽  
World War Two ◽  
World War ◽  
Structural Hierarchy ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Record ◽  
Complete History

Abstract. Aotearoa New Zealand has a unique earth building heritage. For centuries, Māori used earth for floors and as a binder for fibrous walling materials. When settlers arrived in the nineteenth century, they brought earth building techniques with them, and in the early days of colonisation, earth buildings were commonplace. Many still survive, but as processed timber became readily available, building in earth declined; by the middle of the twentieth century it had almost ceased. Following renewed interest after World War Two, earth building continued into the twenty-first century, albeit as a non-standard form of construction. Databases compiled by Heritage New Zealand, Miles Allen, and the author, supplemented by accounts from a variety of sources, provide a relatively detailed record of earth buildings from all over Aotearoa but no cohesive history has yet been written. This paper considers possible approaches to writing such a history. Methodologies employed in local and international architectural histories are analysed, and a number of structural hierarchies are identified: for instance, Ronald Rael organises his material firstly by technique and then chronology in Earth Architecture, while Ted Howard uses location and then chronology for his Australasian history, Mud and Man. Information from New Zealand sources is then applied to these frameworks to arrive at an appropriate structural hierarchy for a complete history of earth building in Aotearoa.

The Main Staff of the Second Army and the Development of Russian Military Thought, 1815–1834

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bitis
Keyword(s):  
Russian Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complete History

Research into the Greek revolution was only one of the tasks that Kiselev had assigned to his Main Staff. Kiselev was also committed to two much larger projects — the writing of a complete history of previous Russo-Turkish wars and the making of preparations for a possible future one. This chapter deals with the Second Army's research into previous Russo-Turkish wars (1711–1812) in an attempt to arrive at strategic and tactical innovations for future conflicts. The discussion traces the development of this process within the Russian army, with particular reference to the search of the Second Army for guidance in a future Russo-Turkish war. It also covers the military ideas of I. P. Liprandi and the impact of KiseIev's empirical school.

Educational Software Evaluation

2011 ◽  
pp. 699-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shaughnessy
Keyword(s):  
Educational Software ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Evaluation Methodologies ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Software Methodologies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Evaluation Techniques ◽  
Complete History

From 1980 to 2000, there were many articles written on the subject of software review and evaluation. Upon initial investigation of educational software methodologies, it appears that there are as many evaluation methodologies as there are authors presenting them. Several articles (methodology analyses) have been written describing these evaluation techniques (Bryson & Cullen, 1984; Eraut, 1989; Holznagel, 1983; Jones et al., 1999; McDougall & Squires, 1995; Reiser & Kegelmann, 1994, 1996; Russell & Blake, 1988). Each of these articles describes various methodologies and presents the most current evaluation methodology available, but fails to provide a complete history of the types of evaluation methodologies. These analyses of evaluation methodologies focus on the individual methodology, but refrain from putting individual methodologies into a greater systematic context.

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