scholarly journals The status Candidatus for uncultured taxa of Bacteria and Archaea: SWOT analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Pallen
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
International Code ◽  
Bacterial Taxonomy ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments

The status Candidatus was introduced to bacterial taxonomy in the 1990s to accommodate uncultured taxa defined by analyses of DNA sequences. Here I review the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) associated with the status Candidatus in the light of a quarter century of use, twinned with recent developments in bacterial taxonomy and sequence-based taxonomic discovery. Despite ambiguities as to its scope, philosophical objections to its use and practical problems in implementation, the status Candidatus has now been applied to over 1000 taxa and has been widely adopted by journals and databases. Although lacking priority under the International Code for Nomenclature of Prokaryotes, many Candidatus names have already achieved de facto standing in the academic literature and in databases via description of a taxon in a peer-reviewed publication, alongside deposition of a genome sequence and there is a clear path to valid publication of such names on culture. Continued and increased use of Candidatus names provides an alternative to the potential upheaval that might accompany creation of a new additional code of nomenclature and provides a ready solution to the urgent challenge of naming many thousands of newly discovered but uncultured species.

scholarly journals International Mycological Congress: Guiding Vote on nomenclature proposals to amend Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

IMA Fungus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. xv-xxi ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. May ◽  
Andrew N. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
International Code ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
International Mycological Congress ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Abstract Results are provided for the Guiding Vote on the seven formal proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to be decided by the Fungal Nomenclature Session (FNS) of the XI International Mycological Congress in July 2018. Te ballot for the Guiding Vote was provided online. Tere were 520 valid ballots, submitted by mycologists from 42 countries, belonging to 23 eligible groups and societies, along with authors of proposals. Tw o proposals F-005 and F-006, both concerning DNA sequences as types, exceeded the 75 % No vote that is the threshold above which proposals are considered rejected by the FNS unless formally re-introduced. Two options for amendments to future procedures for the Guiding Vote are proposed: adding eligibility via publication of a nomenclatural novelty among fungi and removing eligibility via membership of IMA MMOs.

scholarly journals Roadmap for naming uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 987-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Murray ◽  
John Freudenstein ◽  
Simonetta Gribaldo ◽  
Roland Hatzenpichler ◽  
Philip Hugenholtz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Consensus Statement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type Material ◽  
International Code ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Future ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

AbstractThe assembly of single-amplified genomes (SAGs) and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) has led to a surge in genome-based discoveries of members affiliated with Archaea and Bacteria, bringing with it a need to develop guidelines for nomenclature of uncultivated microorganisms. The International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) only recognizes cultures as ‘type material’, thereby preventing the naming of uncultivated organisms. In this Consensus Statement, we propose two potential paths to solve this nomenclatural conundrum. One option is the adoption of previously proposed modifications to the ICNP to recognize DNA sequences as acceptable type material; the other option creates a nomenclatural code for uncultivated Archaea and Bacteria that could eventually be merged with the ICNP in the future. Regardless of the path taken, we believe that action is needed now within the scientific community to develop consistent rules for nomenclature of uncultivated taxa in order to provide clarity and stability, and to effectively communicate microbial diversity.

scholarly journals XI International Mycological Congress: report of Congress action on nomenclature proposals relating to fungi

IMA Fungus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. xxii-xxvii ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. May ◽  
Scott A. Redhead ◽  
Lorenzo Lombard ◽  
Amy Y. Rossman
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Plenary Session ◽  
International Code ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Nomenclature Committee ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
Congress Report ◽  
International Mycological Congress ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Abstract Procedures, appointments and outcomes of the Fungal Nomenclature Session (FNS) of the 11th International Mycological Congress (IMC11) are summarized, including the composition of the Fungal Nomenclature Bureau and the Nominating Committee of the IMC. Nearly 150 mycologists attended the FNS, at which formal proposals to amend Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) were debated. The 18 proposals considered included 10 “from the floor”. Four proposals were withdrawn, two were sent to the Editorial Committee, five were sent to two Special-purpose Committees, four were rejected, and three were accepted (concerning: using the identifier in place of the author citation; mis-citation of identifiers; and indication of sanctioning). Proposals to amend Division III of the ICN were deemed out of scope of the FNS because they did not relate to Chapter F. The two Special-purpose Committees authorized were: “DNA Sequences as Types for Fungi” and “Names of Fungi with the Same Epithet”. Appointments made by the FNS included the Secretary of the Fungal Nomenclature Bureau for IMC12, and officers and members of the Permanent Nomenclature Committee for Fungi. Decisions and appointments of the FNS were ratified in a resolution accepted by the plenary session of the Congress.

scholarly journals Unification of Abyssicoccus albus Jiang et al. 2016 and Auricoccus indicus Prakash et al. 2017 and the status of the genus Auricoccus Prakash et al. 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 5969-5971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly P. Dobritsa ◽  
Mansour Samadpour
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
International Code ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Based on the high phylogenetic relatedness of Auricoccus indicus Prakash et al. 2017 and Abyssicoccus albus Jiang et al. 2016, it is proposed to unite them with retaining the latter name as having nomenclatural priority. As the result of the species unification, the genus Auricoccus name is proposed to consider as illegitimate in the boundaries determined by Rule 51a of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

scholarly journals Emendation of General Consideration 5 and Rules 18a, 24a and 30 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to resolve the status of the Cyanobacteria in the prokaryotic nomenclature

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Oren ◽  
David R. Arahal ◽  
Ramon Rosselló-Móra ◽  
Iain C. Sutcliffe ◽  
Edward R. B. Moore
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
General Consideration ◽  
International Code ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Following the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes electronic discussion and vote on proposals to resolve the status of the Cyanobacteria in the prokaryotic nomenclature, we announce here the results of the ballot. We also present the emended versions of General Consideration 5 and Rules 18a, 24a and 30, based on the outcome of the ballot, to be included in the new revision of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.

scholarly journals Three alternative proposals to emend the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes to resolve the status of the Cyanobacteria in the prokaryotic nomenclature

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 4406-4408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Oren
Keyword(s):  
International Committee ◽  
International Code ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Code Of Nomenclature ◽  
The Status ◽  
International Code Of Nomenclature

Three alternative proposals to emend the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes are presented to resolve the status of the Cyanobacteria in the prokaryotic nomenclature. Two were earlier published (Oren and Garrity, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014;64 : 309–310; Pinevich, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015;65 : 1070–1074). The third proposal is based on reciprocation of Article 45.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. According to Article 13b of the Statutes of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, a decision on these proposals must be reached within 11 months from the date of this publication.

The Role of Entrepreneurship in Local Economic Growth: Example of Gaziantep

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Vahit Eren ◽  
Erdinç Tutar ◽  
Filiz Tutar ◽  
Çisil Erkan
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Financial Growth

In order to avoid social inequality of opportunity and improvement of local economies have become government policies in Turkey, as it is in other countries around the world. Incentives, regional development agencies, techno parks and also local entrepreneurs play crucial role in the improvement process of local economies. The increasing rivalry and globalization concept necessitate entrepreneurs to take more risks, to reach innovations to seize opportunities in optimum level. Entrepreneurship is a motor vessel in financial growth and in development, and entrepreneurship is also the source of innovation and creativity. In this regard, the more entrepreneurship develops in a country, the higher level of welfare possesses the chance to advance. The purpose of this report, in which it has been aimed to reveal vital role of entrepreneurship in the progress of local economies, is emphasizing the status of entrepreneurship that transformed Gaziantep’s socio-economic level of development into its present position. Thus with this aim a SWOT analysis, in terms of Gaziantep’s economic entrepreneurship has been carried out. Positive contributions of Gaziantep’s immensely developed industry, facilitation of local innovative entrepreneurs’ involvement in various local economic sectors and in accordance channeling immigration into deployment in local economy have been observed in this study. Significantly it has been observed that plenitude of “opportunist entrepreneurship” or in other words “the entrepreneurs with strategic growth plans” in this region contributed local economy positively.

Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
First Time ◽  
Site Types

The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to assess the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry, are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny matter of quantification. Growing scholarly interest in the topic has also led to an increasing recognition of these practices from those employing more traditional methodological approaches, which are sometimes coupled with innovative archaeological theory. Thanks to these efforts, it has been possible for the first time in this volume to draw together archaeological case studies on the recycling and reuse of a wide range of materials, from papyri and textiles, to amphorae, metals and glass, building materials and statuary. Recycling and reuse occur at a range of site types, and often in contexts which cross-cut material categories, or move from one object category to another. The volume focuses principally on the Roman Imperial and late antique world, over a broad geographical span ranging from Britain to North Africa and the East Mediterranean. Last, but not least, the volume is unique in focusing upon these activities as a part of the status quo, and not just as a response to crisis.

scholarly journals Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development

Electricity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-186
Author(s):  
Md Tanbhir Hoq ◽  
Nathaniel Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Transmission Network ◽  
Distance Protection ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
System Protection ◽  
The Status ◽  
In Series ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Series Capacitor ◽  
Current Inversion

The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken up by utilities and relay manufacturers in various ways. In the field of power system protection, developments are largely driven by relay manufacturers, and are often not published in the academic literature; the status and trend of the relay manufacturer’s development are better found in their product manuals and patent activity. Further insight into specific implementations by transmission utilities can be found from publications in industry-led forums and some academic journals. This article surveys the status and development of distance protection for series compensated lines, with a focus on industrial implementation and practical considerations. Factors that influence the protection of series compensated lines are presented. Implementation examples reported by utilities are summarized as examples of the different situations encountered and the methods used to deal with them. It is observed that many utilities use communication-aided protection in series compensated lines, and distance protection is used with reduced reach. Solutions described in relay manuals are presented to demonstrate the manufacturers’ approaches to problems associated with series capacitor protection. While there are methods to counter voltage inversion, current inversion seems to represent a more serious challenge. A patent overview indicates the trends in this domain to be moving towards time-domain-based faster protection methods.

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