scholarly journals Epidemiological and molecular characterization of a novel adenovirus of squirrel monkeys after fatal infection during immunosuppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna L. Rogers ◽  
Julio C. Ruiz ◽  
Wallace B. Baze ◽  
Gloria B. McClure ◽  
Carolyn Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Titi Monkey ◽  
Saimiri Boliviensis ◽  
Tract Infections

Adenoviruses are a frequent cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections that can also cause disseminated disease in immunosuppressed patients. We identified a novel adenovirus, squirrel monkey adenovirus 1 (SqMAdV-1), as the cause of fatal infection in an immunocompromised squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis) at the Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (KCCMR). Sequencing of SqMAdV-1 revealed that it is most closely related (80.4 % pairwise nucleotide identity) to the titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) adenovirus (TMAdV). Although identified in the titi monkey, TMAdV is highly lethal in these monkeys, and they are not thought to be the natural host. While SqMAdV-1 is similar to other primate adenoviruses in size and genomic characteristics, a nucleotide polymorphism at the expected stop codon of the DNA polymerase gene results in a 126 amino acid extension at the carboxy terminus, a feature not previously observed among other primate adenoviruses. PCR testing and partial sequencing of 95 archived faecal samples from other squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis and Saimiri sciureus) housed at the KCCMR revealed the presence of three distinct, and apparently endemic species of adenoviruses. A grouping of ten squirrel monkey adenovirus variants has high similarity to SqMAdV-1. A single adenovirus variant (designated SqMAdV-3), detected in five monkeys, has similarity to tufted capuchin (Sapajus apella) adenoviruses. The largest group of adenovirus variants detected (designated SqMAdV-2.0–2.16) has very high similarity (93–99 %) to the TMAdV, suggesting that squirrel monkeys may be the natural host of the TMAdV.

Renal Disease in Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Stills ◽  
B. C. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Membranous Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Renal Lithiasis ◽  
Focal Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis

Renal lithiasis, pyelonephritis, and glomerulonephritis were common in our colony of Brazilian phenotype squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), with glomerulonephritis being a major cause of mortality in adult animals. Squirrel monkey glomerulonephritis was divided into four major classifications, based on light and electron microscopy, similar to those of man: focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and a combination of membranoproliferative and membranous glomerulonephritis.

scholarly journals Downregulation of p56lck Tyrosine Kinase Activity in T Cells of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Correlates with the Nontransforming and Apathogenic Properties of Herpesvirus Saimiri in Its Natural Host

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (19) ◽  
pp. 9252-9261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timm Greve ◽  
Gültekin Tamgüney ◽  
Bernhard Fleischer ◽  
Helmut Fickenscher ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Herpesvirus Saimiri ◽  
Endogenous Virus

ABSTRACT Herpesvirus saimiri is capable of transforming T lymphocytes of various primate species to stable growth in culture. The interaction of the T-cellular tyrosine kinase p56 lck with the transformation-associated viral protein Tip has been shown before to activate the kinase and provides one model for the T-cell-specific transformation by herpesvirus saimiri subgroup C strains. In contrast to other primate species, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) are naturally infected with the virus without signs of lymphoma or other disease. Although the endogenous virus was regularly recovered from peripheral blood cells from squirrel monkeys, we observed that the T cells lost the virus genomes in culture. Superinfection with virus strain C488 did not induce growth transformation, in contrast to parallel experiments with T cells of other primate species. Surprisingly, p56 lck was enzymatically inactive in primary T-cell lines derived from different squirrel monkeys, although the T cells reacted appropriately to stimulatory signals. The cDNA sequence revealed minor point mutations only, and transfections in COS-7 cells demonstrated that the S. sciureus lck gene codes for a functional enzyme. In S. sciureus, the tyrosine kinase p56 lck was not activated after T-cell stimulation and enzymatic activity could not be induced by Tip of herpesvirus saimiri C488. However, the suppression of p56 lck was partially released after administration of the phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate. This argues for unique species-specific conditions in T cells of S. sciureus which may interfere with the transforming activity and pathogenicity of herpesvirus saimiri subgroup C strains in their natural host.

The stapedius muscle of the squirrel monkey

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 528-529
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi ◽  
G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Operating Microscope ◽  
Acoustic Reflex ◽  
Stapedius Muscle ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Auditory Disorders

Contraction of the stapedius muscle (the acoustic reflex) is useful in the clinical diagnosis of various auditory disorders. In an effort to better understand the basic innervation of the acoustic reflex we are presently studying its neuroanatomy in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Since the morphology of the squirrel monkey stapedius muscle (SMSM) has not been previously described, we will present here our own findings from eleven muscles observed under light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Squirrel monkeys were perfused intracardially with either 10% neutral buffered formalin or 3% buffered glutaraldehyde. The stapedius muscles were dissected out under the operating microscope. For LM, the muscles were embedded in JB-4 plastic and cut serially at 5 micra and for TEM, the muscles were processed as previously described (2).The topography of the SMSM in the middle ear is similar to the human (3). The muscle attaches to the posterior side of the stapes' head by a thin collagenous tendon that extends almost midway into the muscle in a postero- ventral direction.

Effect of Infants on Adult Social Relations in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri Sciureus)

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara S. Aruguete ◽  
William A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

7 groups of squirrel monkeys were observed to assess the effect of infants on social interactions and interanimal distances among adult members of their natal groups. Each group contained one or two infants, 5 to 7 months of age at the start of the study. Infants initiated affiliative and playful interactions with all adults, whereas adults directed few, mostly antagonistic, interactions toward infants. Following the removal of infants from groups, distances between adults decreased and adult affiliative interactions increased more than 100%. The results indicate that infants within the age-range examined can have a pervasive, primarily inhibitory, influence on adult social relationships.

Vasomotor thresholds in the squirrel monkey: effects of central and peripheral temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Lynch ◽  
E. R. Adair ◽  
B. W. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thermoregulatory System ◽  
Peripheral Temperature

Six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) participated in two ex,eriments examining how central (preoptic/anterior hypothalamic, Tpo) and peripheral (ambient, Ta, or mean skin, Tsk) temperatures influence peripheral vasomotion. In the first experiment, four monkeys with unilateral preoptic thermodes were exposed to a wide range of central (23 degrees C less than Tpo less than 44 degrees C) and peripheral (10 degrees C less than Ta less than 38 degrees C) temperatures. Results indicated that the skin of both tail and foot vasodilates at discrete but unique Ta thresholds (Tpo congruent to 39 degrees C) and that raising Tpo lowers these thresholds. In the second experiment, results from two monkeys implanted with bilateral thermodes surrounding the preoptic area replicated those of experiment 1. Subsequent tests with these two monkeys on the quantitative interaction between central and peripheral temperatures indicated that the dilation threshold is approximately a linear function of Tpo and Tsk. These effects are related to the interaction between central and peripheral inputs to the thermoregulatory system.

scholarly journals Intestinal Trichomonads (Tritrichomonas mobilensis) in the Natural Host Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Scimeca ◽  
D. E. Culberson ◽  
C. R. Abee ◽  
W. A. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Staining ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Saimiri Boliviensis ◽  
Histologic Changes

A retrospective study of cecal and colonic tissues from 28 squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis) demonstrated enteric trichomonads within luminal Crypts. Twenty-One of 28 (75%) had trichomonads in the mucosal epithelium either in cup-like depressions or intraepithelial vacuoles. Organisms were also beneath the superficial luminal mucosal epithelium and between the basement membrane and crypt epitheial cells. Immunoperoxidase staining also identified organisms within the lamina propria and submucosa. Additional histologic changes included mucosal ulceration, multifocal cryptitis, and focal epithelial necrosis. Most areas containing trichomonads did not have an associated inflammatory response.

Visual Exploratory Behavior in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri Sciureus)

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Gammon ◽  
Jay J. Singer ◽  
Kenneth M. Michels
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Exploratory Behavior ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
The Other ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Rapid Extinction ◽  
Visual Preferences ◽  
Empty Cage

3 male squirrel monkeys were tested for visual preferences among another monkey, a toy snake, or an empty cage. The sight of another monkey was preferred to either of the other stimuli. The response shows little habituation but undergoes fairly rapid extinction.

Dispersal patterns among three species of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii, S. boliviensis and S. sciureus): II. Within-species and local variation

Behaviour ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 142 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Boinski ◽  
Laurie Kauffman ◽  
Erin Ehmke ◽  
Arioene Vreedzaam ◽  
Steven Schet
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Habitat Disturbance ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Dispersal Patterns

AbstractThree long-term field studies, together with numerous supplementary sources of information, demonstrate that the Neotropical squirrel monkey, genus Saimiri (Primates: Cebidae) are distinguished among mammals by the wide divergence in dispersal patterns among congeners. Both sexes of Saimiri sciureus at Raleighvallen in the Central Suriname Nature Reserve undertake dispersal on several to many occasions during their lifetime. Male dispersal and female philopatry characterize S. boliviensis studies at Manu, Peru. Among S. oerstedii, studied at Corcovado and other locations in Costa Rica, females disperse and males are philopatric. This is the second in a series of three companion reports investigating patterns and processes relevant to dispersal in these three species of squirrel monkeys. The first report, I. Divergent costs and benefits (Boinski et al., 2005), predicts the direct and inclusive fitness costs and benefits structuring species, sex and individual dispersal strategies among squirrel monkeys. III. Cognition (Boinski, 2005), the final report comprising this monograph, considers the possible cognitive mechanisms underlying dispersal among squirrel monkeys and other taxa, and suggests useful strategies to collect and interpret additional data from laboratory and field contexts.Here we evaluate the sources and potential magnitude of variation in dispersal strategies within each squirrel monkey species. For all three congeners, local edaphic and anthropogenic regimes of habitat disturbance probably represent the major source of within-species variance in the density of wild populations. Squirrel monkey population density, all else being equal, positively increases with the intensity of habitat disturbance. New evidence suggests that in addition to edaphic and recent historical disturbance regimes, in some localities in the Neotropical lowlands anthropogenic disturbance caused by pre-Columbian Amerindians remains a potent factor enhancing squirrel monkey numbers.Squirrel monkeys are predicted to exhibit density-dependent behavioural responses. In turn, these responses are expected to modulate population-level dispersal outcomes in several predictable axes. Major between-site variation in dispersal strategies, however, is unlikely for either sex among S. oerstedii or S. boliviensis. Although all natal male S. sciureus almost certainly disperse before or at the time of sexual maturity, the proportion of females emigrating from a S. sciureus troop appears more variable, dependent on local levels of within-troop competition for food. In any year or season, those mature and immature female S. sciureus with high priority access to food resources are least likely to disperse.

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