Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A, B and C into genotypically assigned types

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) frequently cause mild upper respiratory tract infections and more severe disease manifestations such as bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbations. HRV is classified into three species within the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. HRV species A and B contain 75 and 25 serotypes identified by cross-neutralization assays, although the use of such assays for routine HRV typing is hampered by the large number of serotypes, replacement of virus isolation by molecular methods in HRV diagnosis and the poor or absent replication of HRV species C in cell culture. To address these problems, we propose an alternative, genotypic classification of HRV-based genetic relatedness analogous to that used for enteroviruses. Nucleotide distances between 384 complete VP1 sequences of currently assigned HRV (sero)types identified divergence thresholds of 13, 12 and 13 % for species A, B and C, respectively, that divided inter- and intra-type comparisons. These were paralleled by 10, 9.5 and 10 % thresholds in the larger dataset of >3800 VP4 region sequences. Assignments based on VP1 sequences led to minor revisions of existing type designations (such as the reclassification of serotype pairs, e.g. A8/A95 and A29/A44, as single serotypes) and the designation of new HRV types A101–106, B101–103 and C34–C51. A protocol for assignment and numbering of new HRV types using VP1 sequences and the restriction of VP4 sequence comparisons to type identification and provisional type assignments is proposed. Genotypic assignment and identification of HRV types will be of considerable value in the future investigation of type-associated differences in disease outcomes, transmission and epidemiology.

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Headache attributed to airplane travel

Oxford Textbook of Headache Syndromes ◽

10.1093/med/9780198724322.003.0056 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 508-513

Author(s):

Federico Mainardi ◽

Giorgio Zanchin

Keyword(s):

Sudden Onset ◽

Causative Role ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Headache Disorders ◽

Preventative Measures ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

First Time ◽

Formal Recognition

Headache attributed to airplane travel, also named ‘airplane headache’ (AH) is a recently described clinical entity characterized by the sudden onset of a severe head pain, which appears exclusively in relation to airplane flights, mainly during the landing phase. Secondary causes, such as upper respiratory tract infections or acute sinusitis, must be ruled out. Although its pathophysiology is not completely understood, a causative role is attributed to an imbalance of the intrasinus pressure, consequent to a change of external air pressure not paralleled with an adequate compensation inside the cranial sinuses. In the International Classification of Headache Disorders, second edition (ICHD-2) AH is not mentioned. On the basis of an extended investigation, AH diagnostic criteria were proposed, which have been introduced for the first time in the recently published ICHD-3B version. Its formal recognition will favour further studies aimed at improving knowledge about AH and implementing preventative measures.

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Sequential delivery of LAIV and SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding and does not result in enhanced lung pathology

10.1101/2021.02.01.429110 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kathryn A. Ryan ◽

Katarzyna E. Schewe ◽

Jonathan Crowe ◽

Susan A. Fotheringham ◽

Yper Hall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Lung Pathology ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine ◽

Disease Outcomes ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Upper Respiratory

AbstractCo-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses could pose unpredictable risks to health systems globally, with recent studies suggesting more severe disease outcomes in co-infected patients. The lack of a readily available COVID-19 vaccine has reinforced the importance of influenza vaccine programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) is an important tool in protecting against influenza, particularly in children. However, it is unknown whether LAIV administration might influence the outcomes of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or disease. To investigate this, quadrivalent LAIV (QLAIV) was administered to ferrets 3 days pre- or post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. LAIV administration did not exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 disease course or lung pathology with either regimen. Additionally, LAIV administered prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication and shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT). We conclude that LAIV administration in close proximity to SARS-CoV-2 infection does not exacerbate mild disease and can reduce SARS-CoV-2 shedding.

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Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology ofAndrographis paniculataand Its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/846740 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Thanasekaran Jayakumar ◽

Cheng-Ying Hsieh ◽

Jie-Jen Lee ◽

Joen-Rong Sheu

Keyword(s):

Relevant Literature ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

The Family ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Anti Hiv

Andrographis paniculata(Burm. F) Nees, generally known as “king of bitters,” is an herbaceous plant in the family Acanthaceae. In China, India, Thailand, and Malaysia, this plant has been widely used for treating sore throat, flu, and upper respiratory tract infections. Andrographolide, a major bioactive chemical constituent of the plant, has shown anticancer potential in various investigations. Andrographolide and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects in experimental models asthma, stroke, and arthritis. In recent years, pharmaceutical chemists have synthesized numerous andrographolide derivatives, which exhibit essential pharmacological activities such as those that are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-HIV, antifeedant, and antiviral. However, what is noteworthy about this paper is summarizing the effects of andrographolide against cardiovascular disease, platelet activation, infertility, and NF-κB activation. Therefore, this paper is intended to provide evidence reported in relevant literature on qualitative research to assist scientists in isolating and characterizing bioactive compounds.

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Upper Respiratory Infection

10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Nancy B Samol ◽

Eric P Wittkugel

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Perioperative Complications ◽

Preoperative Assessment ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Airway Reactivity ◽

Upper Respiratory Infection ◽

The Family ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Operating Suite

Upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) are common in children, with most children experiencing six to eight episodes per year. Some evidence suggests that the airway reactivity associated with these infections persists for several weeks after resolution of symptoms and increases the risk of perioperative adverse events. Other data indicate that these complications are easily managed and seldom associated with any adverse sequelae. Unfortunately, cancellation of patients harboring URIs is not without economic and emotional implications for the patient, the family, and the operating suite as a whole. Understanding the risk factors associated with administering anesthesia to the child with a URI is important in identifying elements of the preoperative assessment that merit attention and in optimizing the anesthetic plan as a means to limit perioperative complications.

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