scholarly journals Landfill Leachate Toxicity Removal in Combined Treatment with Municipal Wastewater

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kalka
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Raphidocelis Subcapitata ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Combined treatment of landfill leachate and municipal wastewater was performed in order to investigate the changes of leachate toxicity during biological treatment. Three laboratory A2O lab-scale reactors were operating under the same parameters (Q-8.5–10 L/d; HRT-1.4–1.6 d; MLSS 1.6–2.5 g/L) except for the influent characteristic and load. The influent of reactor I consisted of municipal wastewater amended with leachate from postclosure landfill; influent of reactor II consisted of leachate collected from transient landfill and municipal wastewater; reactor III served as a control and its influent consisted of municipal wastewater only. Toxicity of raw and treated wastewater was determinted by four acute toxicity tests withDaphnia magna, Thamnocephalus platyurus, Vibrio fischeri,andRaphidocelis subcapitata. Landfill leachate increased initial toxicity of wastewater. During biological treatment, significant decline of acute toxicity was observed, but still mixture of leachate and wastewater was harmful to all tested organisms.

Post-treatment of sanitary landfill leachate by coagulation–flocculation using chitosan as primary coagulant

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inara Oliveira do Carmo Nascimento ◽  
Ana Rosa Pinto Guedes ◽  
Louisa Wessels Perelo ◽  
Luciano Matos Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Sanitary Landfill ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Sanitary Landfill Leachate

Chitosan was chosen as an alternative primary coagulant in a complementary coagulation–flocculation treatment of sanitary landfill leachate with the aim of removing recalcitrant organic matter. In order to optimize the process conditions, central composite design and response surface methodology were applied. To evaluate the performance of the process using chitosan, we also carried out tests with aluminium sulphate (Al2 (SO4)3.14 H2O) as coagulant. In addition, acute toxicity tests were carried using the duckweed Lemna minor and the guppy fish Poecilia reticulata as test organisms. The analytic hierarchy process was employed for selecting the most appropriate coagulant. Mean values of true colour removal efficiency of 80% and turbidity removal efficiency of 91.4% were reached at chitosan dosages of 960 mg L−1 at pH 8.5. The acute toxicity tests showed that organisms were sensitive to all samples, mainly after coagulation–flocculation using chitosan. CE50 for L. minor was not determined because there was no inhibition of the average growth rate and biomass production; LC50 for P. reticulata was 23% (v v−1). Multi-criteria analysis showed that alum was the most appropriate coagulant. Therefore, chitosan as primary coagulant was not considered to be a viable alternative in the post-treatment of landfill leachate.

Comparison of Photo-Fenton Treatment and Coupled Photo-Fenton and Biological Treatment for Detoxification of Pharmaceutical Industry Contaminants

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Zapata ◽  
Isabel Oller ◽  
Raphael Gallay ◽  
César Pulgarín ◽  
Manuel Ignacio Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Oxidative Treatment

AbstractThis paper compares the feasibility of two different treatment approaches, chemical oxidative treatment by the solar photo-Fenton method and a combined approach applying the solar photo-Fenton method as a pre-treatment for aerobic biological wastewater treatment. The targets are two biorecalcitrant substances used as synthesis intermediates in the pharmaceutical industry, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethanol (CAS 84682-23-5) (DIDM) and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)- 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethanol (CAS 67914-85-6) (DTDM). Solar photo-Fenton treatment was performed in Compound Parabolic Collector pilot-plants, and biological treatment in an immobilized biomass reactor pilot-plant. Analytical determinations included the measurement of dissolved organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, inorganic compounds (chloride, ammonium, nitrate), formed during degradation, acute toxicity tests applying Vibrio Fischeri luminescence bacteria and the Zahn-Wellens biodegradability test. The synthetic wastewater contained 200 mg/L of each compound, an initial DOC of 200 mg/l and an initial COD of 700 mg/L. The target compounds proved to be susceptible to complete degradation and partial mineralization (95%) by photo-Fenton. Total elimination of both substances occurred after 74 minutes of illumination and required the consumption of 27.5 mM of hydrogen peroxide. Nevertheless, acute toxicity persisted practically to the end of the treatment, and biodegradability could only be slightly enhanced, never rendering the wastewater completely biodegradable at any stage of the chemical oxidative treatment. By Zahn-Wellens test DIDM and DTDM proved to be non-biodegradable and only samples pre-treated by photo-Fenton until achieving a DOC below 98 mg/L showed a significant degree of biodegradability (60% after 11 days of biotreatment). This particular behaviour contrasts with other substances that have been tested before and may be related to the refractory nature of the imidazole and triazole moieties in the molecular structure of DIDM and DTDM.

scholarly journals Reduction of acute toxicity of landfill leachate in co-treatement with domestic sewage by integrated fixed-film activated sludge reactor

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
Fábio Campos ◽  
Roque Passos Piveli
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Daphnia Similis ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Activated Sludge Reactor ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

This study used acute toxicity tests on the marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri and on microcrustaceans Daphnia similis to evaluate the reduction of acute toxicity in effluent generated by the IFAS (Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge) hybrid process, treating landfill leachate with domestic sewage. In order to evaluate the treatment’s ability to lessen the toxicity of the effluent, three experimental stages were developed with leachate contributions of 5, 10 and 20% of the total load of BOD in the effluent composition. In general, the results show that, even with the greatest contribution of leachate, no significant alterations were observed in the behavior and efficiency of the biological process; however, with regard to the degree of acute toxicity observed in the affluent, the classification of the effluents changed from Very Toxic to Toxic in three phases of operation, even reaching the reduction levels around 70% in the last stage of the study, highlighting the need for greater control and evaluation of this variable. The methodology of using the Microtox® technique proved to be more sensitive to compounds present in the samples when compared to the technique using the microcrustaceans D. similis.

Comparison of the sensitivities of fish, Microtox and Daphnia-magna bioassays to amoxycillin in anaerobic/aerobic sequential reactor systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Çelebi ◽  
D. T. Sponza
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Vibrio Fischeri ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Methane Production Rate ◽  
Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Cstr System

In this study the anaerobic treatability of amoxycillin (AMX) was investigated in a laboratory-scale anaerobic multi-chamber bed reactor (AMCBR)/aerobic continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and AMX removal efficiencies were around 94% in the AMCBR reactor at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) between 2.25 and 5.5 days. Decreasing the HRT appeared not to have a significant effect on the performance of the AMCBR up to a HRT of 1.13 days. The maximum methane production rate and methane percentage were around 1,100–1,200 mL/day and 55%, respectively, at HRTs between 2.25 and 5.5 days. The decrease in HRT to 1.5 days decreased slightly the gas productions (1,000 mL/day and 500 mL for total and methane gases) and methane percentage (45%). The AMCBR recovered back to its baseline performance within a couple of days. The acute toxicity of 150 mg/L AMX was monitored with Daphnia magna, Lepistes sp., and Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity tests. The acute toxicity removals were 98, 96 and 96% for V. fischeri, D. magna and Lepistes sp. in the effluent of the sequential system treating 150 mg/L AMX at HRTs of 2.25–5.5 days. Among the trophic organisms used in the acute toxicity tests the most sensitive organism was found to be bacteria (V. fischeri) while the most resistant organism was found to be fish (Lepistes sp.).

Acute Toxicity Testing with Juvenile White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus)

1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Bennett ◽  
A.P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
White Sturgeon ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Testing

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using early life stages of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) (eggs, larvae and fry) as a species relevant to the Fraser River, B.C., for the acute and sublethal toxico-logical testing of forest industry effluents. Here we report the first successful acute toxicity tests for 8-day-old larvae and 42-day-old fry exposed to several chemicals known to be released into the Fraser River (i.e., 6 monochlorovanillin [6 MVAN], 4,5 dichloroguaiacol [4,5 DCG], 4,5 dichlorocatechol [4,5 DCAT], pentachlorophenol [PCP], and didecyldimethylammonium chloride [DDAC]). In most cases, white sturgeon fry were at the lower end of the range for acute toxicity values for chlorinated phenolic compounds, when compared with other juvenile fish species, and they were extremely sensitive to DDAC. The larval stage was usually more sensitive than the fry stage. Acute toxicity tests with fertilized eggs were unsuccessful. A postexposure growth study was inconclusive because neither control nor toxicant-exposed larvae and fry withstood the additional handling used for measuring body mass. At 62-days-old, fry were more tolerant of handling. This allowed measurement of their swimming performance. Although we have concerns about the reliability of using larvae for acute toxicity testing at this time, 60-day-old white sturgeon fry would appear to be both a sensitive and relevant species for assessing environmental impacts relevant to the Fraser River.

scholarly journals Nano-sized zeolites as modulators of thiacloprid toxicity onChironomus riparius

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla S. Lorenz ◽  
Anna-Jorina Wicht ◽  
Leyla Guluzada ◽  
Barbara Crone ◽  
Uwe Karst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Biting Midge ◽  
Ms Imaging ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Small Primary ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Investigation Period ◽  
Adsorption Rates

This study investigated whether zeolites of different size (Y30 (nano-sized) and H-Beta(OH)-III (forming large aggregates/agglomerates composed of 50 nm small primary particles)) exerted acute toxicity on larvae of the non-biting midge,Chironomus riparius, and whether such zeolites are able to modulate the toxicity of a common insecticide, thiacloprid, by means of adsorption of a dissolved toxicant. We conducted acute toxicity tests with fourth instar larvae ofC. riparius. In these tests, larvae were exposed to zeolites or thiacloprid solely, or to mixtures of both compounds. The mixtures comprised 1.0 µg/L thiacloprid in addition to low (5.2 mg/L), medium (18.2 mg/L), and high (391.7 mg/L) zeolite concentrations, resulting in different adsorption rates of thiacloprid. As biological endpoints, changes in mortality rates and in behavior were monitored every 24 h over a total investigation period of 96 h. Furthermore, we conducted chemical analyses of thiacloprid in the medium and the larvae and located the zeolite particles within the larvae by LA-ICP-MS imaging techniques. Our results demonstrate that both types of zeolites did not exert acute toxicity when applied as single-substances, but led to reduced acute toxicity of thiacloprid when applied together with thiacloprid. These results are in line with the sorption properties of zeolites indicating reduced bioavailability of thiacloprid, although our data indicate that thiacloprid can desorb from zeolites to some extent. While freely dissolved (i.e., non-sorbed) fraction of thiacloprid was a good parameter to roughly estimate toxic effects, it did not correlate with measured internal thiacloprid concentrations. Moreover, it was shown that both zeolite types were ingested by the larvae, but no indication for cellular uptake of them was found.

Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium, and zinc to Larvae of the Crab Paragrapus quadridentatus (H. Milne Edwards), and Implications for Water Quality Criteria

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ahsanullah ◽  
GH Arnott
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Metal Toxicity ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests

Acute toxicity tests were carried out on the larvae of P. quadridentatus and 96-h LC50 values of 0.17, 0.49, and 1.23 mg/l were determined for copper, cadmium, and zinc respectively. Potency ratios of the three metals were as follows: Cu/Cd 3.1, Cu/Zn 7.2, and Cd/Zn 2.4. Larvae were found to be nine times more sensitive to zinc and at least 29 times more sensitive to cadmium than were adults. The larval 96-h LC50 values multiplied by an application factor of 0.01 (as recommended in Victorian water quality criteria) results in derived 'safe' concentrations, which in the case of copper and zinc are below the stated 'minimal risk concentrations' of 10 and 20 �g/I respectively. In view of the known greater sensitivity of larvae of many taxa to heavy metal toxicity, the validity of using the same application factor for both adult and larval stages is questioned.

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