scholarly journals The beetle amnion and serosa functionally interact as apposed epithelia

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Koelzer ◽  
Maarten Hilbrant ◽  
Thorsten Horn ◽  
Kristen A. Panfilio
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Interaction ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

Unlike passive rupture of the human chorioamnion at birth, the insect extraembryonic (EE) tissues – the amnion and serosa – actively rupture and withdraw in late embryogenesis. Despite its importance for successful development, EE morphogenesis remains poorly understood. Contradicting the hypothesis of a single, fused EE membrane, we show that both tissues persist as discrete epithelia within a bilayer, using new tissue-specific EGFP transgenic lines in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. Quantitative live imaging analyses show that the amnion initiates EE rupture in a specialized anterior-ventral cap, while RNAi manipulation of EE tissue complement and function reveals that the serosa is autonomously contractile. Thus the bilayer efficiently coordinates the amnion as initiator and serosa as driver to achieve withdrawal. The novel bilayer architecture may reflect evolutionary changes in the EE tissues specific to holometabolous insects. More generally, tissue apposition in a bilayer exemplifies a high degree of functional interaction between developing epithelia.

scholarly journals The beetle amnion and serosa functionally interact as apposed epithelia

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Hilbrant ◽  
Thorsten Horn ◽  
Stefan Koelzer ◽  
Kristen A Panfilio
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Late Embryogenesis ◽  
Previous Hypothesis ◽  
Transgenic Lines

Unlike passive rupture of the human chorioamnion at birth, the insect extraembryonic (EE) tissues – the amnion and serosa – actively rupture and withdraw in late embryogenesis. Withdrawal is essential for development and has been a morphogenetic puzzle. Here, we use new fluorescent transgenic lines in the beetle Tribolium castaneum to show that the EE tissues dynamically form a basal-basal epithelial bilayer, contradicting the previous hypothesis of EE intercalation. We find that the EE tissues repeatedly detach and reattach throughout development and have distinct roles. Quantitative live imaging analyses show that the amnion initiates EE rupture in a specialized anterior-ventral cap. RNAi phenotypes demonstrate that the serosa contracts autonomously. Thus, apposition in a bilayer enables the amnion as 'initiator' to coordinate with the serosa as 'driver' to achieve withdrawal. This EE strategy may reflect evolutionary changes within the holometabolous insects and serves as a model to study interactions between developing epithelia.

scholarly journals A universal vector concept for a direct genotyping of transgenic organisms and a systematic creation of homozygous lines

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Strobl ◽  
Anita Anderl ◽  
Ernst HK Stelzer
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Transgenic Organisms ◽  
Transgenic Organism ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Diploid Model

Diploid transgenic organisms are either hemi- or homozygous. Genetic assays are, therefore, required to identify the genotype. Our AGameOfClones vector concept uses two clearly distinguishable transformation markers embedded in interweaved, but incompatible Lox site pairs. Cre-mediated recombination leads to hemizygous individuals that carry only one marker. In the following generation, heterozygous descendants are identified by the presence of both markers and produce homozygous progeny that are selected by the lack of one marker. We prove our concept in Tribolium castaneum by systematically creating multiple functional homozygous transgenic lines suitable for long-term fluorescence live imaging. Our approach saves resources and simplifies transgenic organism handling. Since the concept relies on the universal Cre-Lox system, it is expected to work in all diploid model organisms, for example, insects, zebrafish, rodents and plants. With appropriate adaptions, it can be used in knock-out assays to preselect homozygous individuals and thus minimize the number of wasted animals.

scholarly journals Allosteric alterations in the androgen receptor and activity in prostate cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. R335-R348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuma Uo ◽  
Stephen R Plymate ◽  
Cynthia C Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Constitutive Activity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Interaction ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Novel Variants ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Androgen Receptor Variants

Organisms have evolved to generate biological complexity in their proteome and transcriptome from a limited number of genes. This concept holds true for the androgen receptor, which displays a diversity of inclusion/exclusion events in its structural motifs as a mechanism of resistance to the most forefront anti-androgen therapies. More than 20 androgen receptor variants that lack various portions of ligand-binding domain have been identified in human prostate cancer (PCa) samples. Most of the variants are inactive on their own, with a few exceptions displaying constitutive activity. The full-length receptor and one or more variants can be co-expressed in the same cell under many circumstances, which raises the question of how these variants physically and functionally interact with the full-length receptor or one another in the course of PCa progression. To address this issue, in this review, we will characterize and discuss androgen receptor variants, including the novel variants discovered in the last couple of years (i) individually, (ii) with respect to their physical and functional interaction with one another and (iii) in clinical relevance. Here, we also introduce the very recent understanding of AR-Vs obtained through successful development of some AR-V-specific antibodies as well as identification of novel AR-Vs by data mining approaches.

scholarly journals The Evolving Roles of Cardiac Macrophages in Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Repair

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7923
Author(s):  
Santiago Alvarez-Argote ◽  
Caitlin C. O’Meara
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Cardiac Regeneration ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Cardiac Conduction ◽  
Cell Detection ◽  
Fate Mapping ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Macrophage Populations ◽  
And Function

Macrophages were first described as phagocytic immune cells responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis by the removal of pathogens that disturb normal function. Historically, macrophages have been viewed as terminally differentiated monocyte-derived cells that originated through hematopoiesis and infiltrated multiple tissues in the presence of inflammation or during turnover in normal homeostasis. However, improved cell detection and fate-mapping strategies have elucidated the various lineages of tissue-resident macrophages, which can derive from embryonic origins independent of hematopoiesis and monocyte infiltration. The role of resident macrophages in organs such as the skin, liver, and the lungs have been well characterized, revealing functions well beyond a pure phagocytic and immunological role. In the heart, recent research has begun to decipher the functional roles of various tissue-resident macrophage populations through fate mapping and genetic depletion studies. Several of these studies have elucidated the novel and unexpected roles of cardiac-resident macrophages in homeostasis, including maintaining mitochondrial function, facilitating cardiac conduction, coronary development, and lymphangiogenesis, among others. Additionally, following cardiac injury, cardiac-resident macrophages adopt diverse functions such as the clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells and debris, a reduction in the inflammatory monocyte infiltration, promotion of angiogenesis, amelioration of inflammation, and hypertrophy in the remaining myocardium, overall limiting damage extension. The present review discusses the origin, development, characterization, and function of cardiac macrophages in homeostasis, cardiac regeneration, and after cardiac injury or stress.

scholarly journals Roles of the novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 in septum formation during fission yeast cytokinesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (16) ◽  
pp. 2528-2541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Liu ◽  
I-Ju Lee ◽  
Mingzhai Sun ◽  
Casey A. Lower ◽  
Kurt W. Runge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fission Yeast ◽  
Rho Gtpases ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Septum Formation ◽  
Division Site ◽  
And Function

Rho GAPs are important regulators of Rho GTPases, which are involved in various steps of cytokinesis and other processes. However, regulation of Rho-GAP cellular localization and function is not fully understood. Here we report the characterization of a novel coiled-coil protein Rng10 and its relationship with the Rho-GAP Rga7 in fission yeast. Both rng10Δ and rga7Δ result in defective septum and cell lysis during cytokinesis. Rng10 and Rga7 colocalize on the plasma membrane at the cell tips during interphase and at the division site during cell division. Rng10 physically interacts with Rga7 in affinity purification and coimmunoprecipitation. Of interest, Rga7 localization is nearly abolished without Rng10. Moreover, Rng10 and Rga7 work together to regulate the accumulation and dynamics of glucan synthases for successful septum formation in cytokinesis. Our results show that cellular localization and function of the Rho-GAP Rga7 are regulated by a novel protein, Rng10, during cytokinesis in fission yeast.

scholarly journals Cell-specific expression and individual function of prohormone convertase PC1/3 in Tribolium larval growth highlights major evolutionary changes between beetle and fly neuroendocrine systems

EvoDevo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Fritzsche ◽  
Vera S. Hunnekuhl
Keyword(s):  
Larval Growth ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Individual Function ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Cell Type Specific Expression ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The insect neuroendocrine system acts in the regulation of physiology, development and growth. Molecular evolution of this system hence has the potential to allow for major biological differences between insect groups. Two prohormone convertases, PC1/3 and PC2, are found in animals and both function in the processing of neuropeptide precursors in the vertebrate neurosecretory pathway. Whereas PC2-function is conserved between the fly Drosophila and vertebrates, ancestral PC1/3 was lost in the fly lineage and has not been functionally studied in any protostome. Results In order to understand its original functions and the changes accompanying the gene loss in the fly, we investigated PC1/3 and PC2 expression and function in the beetle Tribolium castaneum. We found that PC2 is broadly expressed in the nervous system, whereas surprisingly, PC1/3 expression is restricted to specific cell groups in the posterior brain and suboesophageal ganglion. Both proteases have parallel but non-redundant functions in adult beetles’ viability and fertility. Female infertility following RNAi is caused by a failure to deposit sufficient yolk to the developing oocytes. Larval RNAi against PC2 produced moulting defects where the larvae were not able to shed their old cuticle. This ecdysis phenotype was also observed in a small subset of PC1/3 knockdown larvae and was strongest in a double knockdown. Unexpectedly, most PC1/3-RNAi larvae showed strongly reduced growth, but went through larval moults despite minimal to zero weight gain. Conclusions The cell type-specific expression of PC1/3 and its essential requirement for larval growth highlight the important role of this gene within the insect neuroendocrine system. Genomic conservation in most insect groups suggests that it has a comparable individual function in other insects as well, which has been replaced by alternative mechanisms in flies.

Bioerodible Polypyrrole

2001 ◽  
Vol 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Zelikin ◽  
Venkatram Shastri ◽  
David Lynn ◽  
Jian Farhadi ◽  
Ivan Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erosion Rate ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Group ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
And Function ◽  
Substrate Independent

ABSTRACTConductive polymers such as polypyrrole (Ppy) are potentially useful as an active interface for altering cellular processes and function. Their utilization in medically related applications however have been substantially held back by their non-degradable nature. Herein we report a novel approach to creation of bioerodible polypyrroles via modification of pyrrole beta-carbon with an ionizable moiety. It has been shown that the erosion rate of acid-bearing derivative of polypyrrole increases with pH, which is consistent with the pH dependent ionization of carboxylic acid group. The novel paradigm proposed for the creation of bioerodible polypyrroles allows for simple and efficient control over the erosion rate of the substrate independent of the polymer chain length, via the choice of the terminal ionizable group and its concentration along the polymer backbone.

Poetics of literary dream in Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky’s novel “Sideline”

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
M. A. Lipina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Psychological Function ◽  
Symbolic Function ◽  
Original Idea ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

The paper is dedicated to studying the oneiric text of S. Krzhizhanovsky’s novel “Sideline.” The topicality of the research is due to modern literary criticism interest in examining various aspects of artistic hypnology of Russian writers, as well as studying the works of “returned” authors, including S. Krzhizhanovsky. The realization specifics of the structural model of the literary dream in question can be presented as the following scheme: unconscious falling asleep – dream-journey – awakening by falling down. Different variants of artistic implementation of the main metaphors connected with dreaming are analyzed: “dream-life” in the image of briefcase-cushion and the image of “million-brained” dream of equality and brotherhood; “dream-death” in the image of the leader of a dream world, with the prevalence of thanatological vocabulary in the description of the city of dreams. The ways of imitating the space of real dreaming in the oneiric text of the novel are studied: awakening by falling, sudden muteness of characters, sudden change of location, etc. Also, the specifics of using the plot device of an unannounced dream is considered contributing to the illusion of “reality” of everything that happens to the character in the city of dreams. An attempt is made to consider the oneirotop of the novel in terms of classification by genre and function, plot and composition, images and esthetics and characters, as well as artistic functions of dreams in the literature (plot function, psychological function, idea, and symbolic function). The oneiric text of Krzhizhanosky’s novel “Sideline” is viewed as an artistic realization of the author’s original idea of the subconscious, dreamy origin of a communist utopia.

scholarly journals The enigmatic ribosomal stalk

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Liljas ◽  
Suparna Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Large Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Translation Factors ◽  
Ribosomal Stalk ◽  
And Function ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The large ribosomal subunit has a distinct feature, the stalk, extending outside the ribosome. In bacteria it is called the L12 stalk. The base of the stalk is protein uL10 to which two or three dimers of proteins bL12 bind. In archea and eukarya P1 and P2 proteins constitute the stalk. All these extending proteins, that have a high degree of flexibility due to a hinge between their N- and C-terminal parts, are essential for proper functionalization of some of the translation factors. The role of the stalk proteins has remained enigmatic for decades but is gradually approaching an understanding. In this review we summarise the knowhow about the structure and function of the ribosomal stalk till date starting from the early phase of ribosome research.

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