scholarly journals Pooled enrichment sequencing identifies diversity and evolutionary pressures at NLR resistance genes within a wild tomato population.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Stam ◽  
Daniela Scheikl ◽  
Aurelien Tellier
Keyword(s):  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Copy Number Variants ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range

Nod-like Receptors (NLRs) are Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine rich Repeats (NB-LRR)-containing proteins that are important in plant resistance signaling. Many of the known pathogen Resistance (R)-genes in plants are NLRs and they can recognise directly or indirectly pathogen molecules. As such, divergence and copy number variants at these genes is found to be high between species. Within populations, positive and balancing selection are to be expected if plants coevolve with their pathogens. In order to understand the complexity of R-gene coevolution in wild non-model species, it is necessary to identify the full range of NLRs and infer their evolutionary history. Here we investigate and reveal polymorphism occurring at 220 NLR genes within one population of the partially selfing wild tomato species S. pennellii. We use a combination of enrichment sequencing and pooling of ten individuals, to specifically sequence NLR genes in a resource and cost-effective manner. We focus on the effects which different of mapping and SNP calling software and settings have on calling polymorphisms in customized pooled samples. Our results are accurately verified using Sanger sequencing of polymorphic gene fragments. Our results indicate that some NLRs, namely 13 out of 220, have maintained polymorphism within our S. pennellii population. These genes show a wide range of πN/ πs ratios and differing site frequency spectra. We compare our observed rate of heterozygosity to expectations for this selfing and bottlenecked population. We conclude that our method enables us to pinpoint NLR genes which have experienced natural selection in their habitat.

Bring Out Your Data

2012 ◽  
pp. 126-145
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Grissom ◽  
Andrew DuKatz ◽  
Hubert A. Kordylewski ◽  
Richard P. Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Measurement Quality ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Automated Process ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Quality Institute

Recent healthcare legislation, financial pressures, and regulatory oversight have increased the need to create improved mechanisms for performance measurement, quality management tracking, and outcomes-based research. The Anesthesia Quality Institute (AQI) has established the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) to support these requirements for a wide-range of customers including individual anesthesiologists, anesthesia practices, hospitals, and credentialing agencies. Concurrently, the availability of increased digital sources of healthcare data make it possible to capture massive quantities of data in a more efficient and cost-effective manner than ever before. With NACOR, AQI has established a user-friendly, automated process to effectively and efficiently collect a wide-range of anesthesia-related data directly from anesthesia practices. This review will examine the issues guiding the evolution of NACOR as well as some potential pitfalls in its growth and usage.

Enterprise Crowdsourcing Platform to Improve HR Workflow

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zuev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hr Management ◽  
Practical Project ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hr Managers ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Small Parts

Crowdsourcing technologies may solve a wide range of business issues: improve efficiency of HR management, increase customer loyalty and maximize economic efficiency of whole enterprise. The recent years best practice has shown how crowdsourcing is gaining particular relevance of human resource management, allowing HR managers to resolve organization relevant problems in quick and cost-effective manner. Important advantage of crowdsourcing сomes from his main ability: decomposition of tasks into small parts and the ability to perform it’s remotely, via Internet. Thanks to this, not only large corporations, but also small and medium-sized businesses can execute a large-scale projects in a short time. This article discusses the main approaches and principles of practical project management via crowdsourcing platforms, using as the example “Beorg Smart Vision” solution.

scholarly journals Novel Approach for Characterizing Ubiquitin E3 Ligase Function

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1220-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey G. Marblestone ◽  
K. G. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Michael J. Eddins ◽  
Craig A. Leach ◽  
David E. Sterner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
E3 Ligase ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Ubiquitin Chain ◽  
E3 Ligases ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is central to the regulation of numerous cellular events, and dysregulation may lead to disease pathogenesis. E3 ubiquitin ligases typically function in concert with E1 and E2 enzymes to recruit specific substrates, thereby coordinating their ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation or cellular activity. E3 ligases have been implicated in a wide range of pathologies, and monitoring their activity in a rapid and cost-effective manner would be advantageous in drug discovery. The relative lack of high-throughput screening (HTS)–compliant E3 ligase assays has significantly hindered the discovery of E3 inhibitors. Herein, the authors describe a novel HTS-compliant E3 ligase assay platform that takes advantage of a ubiquitin binding domain’s inherent affinity for polyubiquitin chains, permitting the analysis of ubiquitin chain formation in an E3 ligase-dependent manner. This assay has been used successfully with members of both the RING and HECT families, demonstrating the platform’s broad utility for analyzing a wide range of E3 ligases. The utility of the assay platform is demonstrated by the identification of inhibitors of the E3 ligase CARP2. As the number of E3 ligases associated with various disease states increases, the ability to quantitate the activity of these enzymes in an expeditious manner becomes imperative in drug discovery.

scholarly journals Differential Regulation of Phytoene Synthase PSY1 During Fruit Carotenogenesis in Cultivated and Wild Tomato Species (Solanum section Lycopersicon)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1169
Author(s):  
Gleb I. Efremov ◽  
Maria A. Slugina ◽  
Anna V. Shchennikova ◽  
Elena Z. Kochieva
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Solanum Species ◽  
Phytoene Synthase ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Enzymatic Function

In plants, carotenoids define fruit pigmentation and are involved in the processes of photo-oxidative stress defense and phytohormone production; a key enzyme responsible for carotene synthesis in fruit is phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1). Tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) comprise cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum) as well as wild species with different fruit color and are a good model to study carotenogenesis in fleshy fruit. In this study, we identified homologous PSY1 genes in five Solanum section Lycopersicon species, including domesticated red-fruited S. lycopersicum and wild yellow-fruited S. cheesmaniae and green-fruited S. chilense, S. habrochaites and S. pennellii. PSY1 homologs had a highly conserved structure, including key motifs in the active and catalytic sites, suggesting that PSY1 enzymatic function is similar in green-fruited wild tomato species and preserved in red-fruited S. lycopersicum. PSY1 mRNA expression directly correlated with carotenoid content in ripe fruit of the analyzed tomato species, indicating differential transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the PSY1 promoter and 5′-UTR sequence revealed over 30 regulatory elements involved in response to light, abiotic stresses, plant hormones, and parasites, suggesting that the regulation of PSY1 expression may affect the processes of fruit senescence, seed maturation and dormancy, and pathogen resistance. The revealed differences between green-fruited and red-fruited Solanum species in the structure of the PSY1 promoter/5′-UTR, such as the acquisition of ethylene-responsive element by S. lycopersicum, could reflect the effects of domestication on the transcriptional mechanisms regulating PSY1 expression, including induction of carotenogenesis during fruit ripening, which would contribute to red coloration in mature fruit.

Effective Wind Tunnel Testing of Yacht Sails Using a Real-Time Velocity Prediction Program

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Le Pelley ◽  
Peter Richards
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Wind Tunnel Testing ◽  
Prediction Program ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
Tunnel Testing

Wind tunnel testing to determine yacht performance has been carried out for at least the last 50 years. A common perception is that experimental methods do not improve significantly over time. This paper shows how modern wind tunnel testing is still the only realistic way of providing a complete picture of aerodynamic performance over a full range of conditions in a rapid and cost-effective manner. The use of a Real-Time VPP and a sail shape recognition system combine to enhance the accuracy and repeatability of testing. The influence of examining boat speed instead of driving force is investigated.

scholarly journals CROSS-STUDY RESEARCH ON UTILITY AND VALIDITY OF DRIVING SIMULATOR FOR DRIVER BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Matowicki ◽  
Ondřej Přibyl
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
Driving Behaviour ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Wide Range

Driving is one of the most ordinary and universal everyday tasks and, at the same time, one of the most complex and dangerous. It requires a full range of sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions, all of which can be affected by a wide range of stressors and experience levels. Therefore, exploring of human behaviour while controlling a vehicle is a crucial task in improving traffic safety. Experimental studies can always be conducted with on-road tests, however, using a simulator is safer and more cost-effective. The main goal of this paper is to demonstrate if and under what conditions could a driving simulator provide sufficient results required for a proper study of driver behavior. It discusses its limits and advantages. Overall, the research reviewed in this paper indicates that simulator driving behaviour approximates (relative validity of speed and lateral position of vehicle on road), but does not exactly replicate (absolute validity), on-road driving behaviour.

Qualification of Procedures for Welding Onto In-Service Pipelines

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Welding Arc ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Cooling ◽  
Hydrogen Level

When welding onto an in-service pipeline, to facilitate a repair or to install a branch connection using the “hot tapping” technique, two risks need to be considered. The first is the risk of burnthrough, where the welding arc causes the pipe wall to be penetrated allowing the contents to escape. The second is the risk of hydrogen cracking that arises from the fast cooling rates that tend to be produced by the ability of the flowing contents to remove heat from the pipe wall. To prevent hydrogen cracking, at least one of the three conditions necessary for its occurrence must be eliminated. Beyond the use of low-hydrogen electrodes to minimize hydrogen levels, it is prudent to develop and use procedures that minimize the formation of crack susceptible microstructures. This paper reviews existing methods for selecting parameters and qualifying procedures for welding onto in-service pipelines. HAZ hardness is an indicator of the susceptibility of a microstructure to cracking. A widely-used value below which it is generally agreed that hydrogen cracking is not expected is 350 HV. Unfortunately, there is no one hardness level above which the risk of hydrogen cracking becomes unacceptable. This paper also describes the development of a hardness evaluation criterion that can be used to quantify the trade-offs that can be made between HAZ hardness, hydrogen level, and chemical composition. Finally, the results of a recently-completed group-sponsored project, where procedures for welding onto in-service pipelines were developed over a wide range of conditions, are also reviewed. The results can be used to select an appropriate procedure that is resistant to hydrogen cracking for a particular application. The use of these results allows in-service welding to be carried out in a safe, cost-effective manner, allowing both economic and environmental benefits to be realized by avoiding pipeline shutdown and interruption of service.

scholarly journals Population studies of the wild tomato species Solanum chilense reveal geographically structured major gene-mediated pathogen resistance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvinderdeep S. Kahlon ◽  
Shallet Mindih Seta ◽  
Gesche Zander ◽  
Daniela Scheikl ◽  
Ralph Hückelhoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Pathogen Resistance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Solanum Chilense

AbstractNatural plant populations encounter strong pathogen pressure and defense-associated genes are known to be under different selection pressure dependent on the pressure by the pathogens. Here we use wild tomato Solanum chilense populations to investigate natural resistance against Cladosporium fulvum, a well-known pathogenic fungus of domesticated tomatoes. We show that populations of S. chilense differ in resistance against the pathogen. Next, we explored the underlying molecular processes in a species wide-context. Then, focusing on recognition of the two prominent avirulence factors secreted by C. fulvum (Avr4 and Avr9) in central and northern populations of S. chilense we observed high complexity in the cognate homologues of Cladosporium resistance (Hcr9) locus underlying the recognition of these effectors. Presence of canonical genomic regions coding for Cf-4 and Cf-9, two major dominant resistance genes in the Hcr9 locus recognizing Avr4 and Avr9, respectively, does not meet prediction from Avr response phenotypes. We find both genes in varying fractions of the plant populations and we show possible co-existence of two functionally active resistance genes, previously thought to be allelic. Additionally, we observed the complete local absence of recognition of additional Avr proteins of C. fulvum. In the southern populations we attribute this to changes in the coregulatory network. As a result of loss of pathogen pressure or adaptation to extreme climatic conditions. This may ultimately explain the observed pathogen susceptibility in the southern populations. This work puts major gene mediated disease resistance in an ecological context.

scholarly journals In-house Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for detection of SARS-CoV2 with increased Sensitivity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manash Jyoti Kalita ◽  
Kalpajit Dutta ◽  
Gautam Hazarika ◽  
Ridip Dutta ◽  
Simanta Kalita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sybr Green ◽  
Rdrp Gene ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primer Sets

Abstract Background:With the increasing COVID-19 infection worldwide, economization of the existing RT-PCR based detection assay becomes the need of the hour. Methods: An assessment of optimal PCR conditions for simultaneous amplification for E, S and RdRp gene of SARS-CoV-2 has been made using both fast traditional and multiplex real time PCR using same primer sets. All variables of practical value were studied by amplifying known target-sequences from ten-fold dilutions of archived positive samples of COVID-19. Results: The designed primers for amplification of E, S and RdRp gene of SARS-Cov-2 in single tube Multiplex PCR amplifications have shown efficient amplification of the target region in 37 minutes using thermal cyclers and 169 minutes with HRM based Real time detection using SYBR green master mix, over a wide range of template concentration, and the results were in good concordance with the commercially available detection kits. Conclusion: This fast HRM based Real time multiplex PCR with SYBR green approach offers rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a cost effective manner apart from the added advantage of primer pair’s compatibility for use in Traditional multiplex PCR, which offers extended applicability of the assay protocol in resource limited setting.

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