scholarly journals Multiplexed computations in retinal ganglion cells of a single type

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephane Deny ◽  
Ulisse Ferrari ◽  
Emilie Mace ◽  
Pierre Yger ◽  
Romain Caplette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Object Code ◽  
Stimulus Feature ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Common Assumption

AbstractIn the early visual system, cells of the same type perform the same computation in di↵erent places of the visual field. How these cells code together a complex visual scene is unclear. A common assumption is that cells of the same type will extract a single stimulus feature to form a feature map, but this has rarely been observed directly. Using large-scale recordings in the rat retina, we show that a homogeneous population of fast OFF ganglion cells simultaneously encodes two radically different features of a visual scene. Cells close to a moving object code linearly for its position, while distant cells remain largely invariant to the object’s position and, instead, respond non-linearly to changes in the object’s speed. Cells switch between these two computations depending on the stimulus. We developed a quantitative model that accounts for this effect and identified a likely disinhibitory circuit that mediates it. Ganglion cells of a single type thus do not code for one, but two features simultaneously. This richer, flexible neural map might also be present in other sensory systems.

scholarly journals Pan-Retinal Characterisation of Light Responses from Ganglion Cells in the Developing Mouse Retina

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Hilgen ◽  
Sahar Pirmoradian ◽  
Daniela Pamplona ◽  
Pierre Kornprobst ◽  
Bruno Cessac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Multielectrode Array ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Developmental Profile ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
Dorsal Retina

AbstractWe have investigated the ontogeny of light-driven responses in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Using a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array, we recorded from hundreds to thousands of RGCs simultaneously at pan-retinal level, including dorsal and ventral locations. Responses to different contrasts not only revealed a complex developmental profile for ON, OFF and ON-OFF RGC types, but also unveiled differences between dorsal and ventral RGCs. At eye-opening, dorsal RGCs of all types were more responsive to light, perhaps indicating an environmental priority to nest viewing for pre-weaning pups. The developmental profile of ON and OFF RGCs exhibited antagonistic behavior, with the strongest ON responses shortly after eye-opening, followed by an increase in the strength of OFF responses later on. Further, we found that with maturation receptive field (RF) center sizes decrease, responses to light get stronger, and centers become more circular while seeing differences in all of them between RGC types. These findings show that retinal functionality is not spatially homogeneous, likely reflecting ecological requirements that favour the early development of dorsal retina, and reflecting different roles in vision in the mature animal.

Sustained tetracycline-regulated transgene expressionin vivo in rat retinal ganglion cells using a single type 2 adeno-associated viral vector

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Folliot ◽  
Delphine Briot ◽  
Herv� Conrath ◽  
Nathalie Provost ◽  
Yan Cherel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

The multiple factors determining retinotopic order in the growth of optic fibres into the optic tectum

1977 ◽  
Vol 278 (961) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Impulse Activity ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Optic Nerve Fibre ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
Lower Vertebrates

Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that normally functioning optic nerve fibre terminal arborizations are open to continuous modification of their location and that they are capable of large scale gradual movement across the optic tectum in lower vertebrates. The termination of optic fibres at precisely defined tectal locations during normal embryonic development does not appear, in view of this and other evidence, to be due to any restrictions imposed by specializations distinguishing terminal sites themselves. However, there is clear evidence that, on the basis of possibly very simple specializations acquired as part of their embryological origin at particular locations in the retina, growing optic fibres actively and continuously select specific routes to be followed through intervening nervous tissue which eventually lead them to predictable and at least approximately appropriate terminal regions in the tectum. It is proposed that terminals move into and maintain fully retinotopic order as a result of direct interactions between fibres themselves based on features correlated with the retinal proximity of their cells of origin. This may involve further use of specializations due to related embryological origin: correlations in nerve impulse activity among neighbouring retinal ganglion cells may serve to stabilize most favourable terminal combinations. It is argued that fibres are subject to multiple influences which contribute to their orderly growth and that the demands made on the embryological differentiation of nervous tissue can thereby be considerably reduced.

scholarly journals Activation of ganglion cells and axon bundles using epiretinal electrical stimulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 1457-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Grosberg ◽  
Karthik Ganesan ◽  
Georges A. Goetz ◽  
Sasidhar S. Madugula ◽  
Nandita Bhaskhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Central Retina ◽  
Axon Bundle ◽  
Stimulation Current

Epiretinal prostheses for treating blindness activate axon bundles, causing large, arc-shaped visual percepts that limit the quality of artificial vision. Improving the function of epiretinal prostheses therefore requires understanding and avoiding axon bundle activation. This study introduces a method to detect axon bundle activation on the basis of its electrical signature and uses the method to test whether epiretinal stimulation can directly elicit spikes in individual retinal ganglion cells without activating nearby axon bundles. Combined electrical stimulation and recording from isolated primate retina were performed using a custom multielectrode system (512 electrodes, 10-μm diameter, 60-μm pitch). Axon bundle signals were identified by their bidirectional propagation, speed, and increasing amplitude as a function of stimulation current. The threshold for bundle activation varied across electrodes and retinas, and was in the same range as the threshold for activating retinal ganglion cells near their somas. In the peripheral retina, 45% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (17% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. This permitted selective activation of 21% of recorded ganglion cells (7% of expected ganglion cells) over the array. In one recording in the central retina, 75% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (16% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. The ability to selectively activate a subset of retinal ganglion cells without axon bundles suggests a possible novel architecture for future epiretinal prostheses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Large-scale multielectrode recording and stimulation were used to test how selectively retinal ganglion cells can be electrically activated without activating axon bundles. A novel method was developed to identify axon activation on the basis of its unique electrical signature and was used to find that a subset of ganglion cells can be activated at single-cell, single-spike resolution without producing bundle activity in peripheral and central retina. These findings have implications for the development of advanced retinal prostheses.

scholarly journals Nonlinear decoding of natural images from large-scale primate retinal ganglion recordings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Joon Kim ◽  
Nora Brackbill ◽  
Ella Batty ◽  
JinHyung Lee ◽  
Catalin Mitelut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
The State ◽  
Natural Images ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Neural Decoding ◽  
Sensory Stimuli

AbstractDecoding sensory stimuli from neural activity can provide insight into how the nervous system might interpret the physical environment, and facilitates the development of brain-machine interfaces. Nevertheless, the neural decoding problem remains a significant open challenge. Here, we present an efficient nonlinear decoding approach for inferring natural scene stimuli from the spiking activities of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Our approach uses neural networks to improve upon existing decoders in both accuracy and scalability. Trained and validated on real retinal spike data from > 1000 simultaneously recorded macaque RGC units, the decoder demonstrates the necessity of nonlinear computations for accurate decoding of the fine structures of visual stimuli. Specifically, high-pass spatial features of natural images can only be decoded using nonlinear techniques, while low-pass features can be extracted equally well by linear and nonlinear methods. Together, these results advance the state of the art in decoding natural stimuli from large populations of neurons.Author summaryNeural decoding is a fundamental problem in computational and statistical neuroscience. There is an enormous literature on this problem, applied to a wide variety of brain areas and nervous systems. Here we focus on the problem of decoding visual information from the retina. The bulk of previous work here has focused on simple linear decoders, applied to modest numbers of simultaneously recorded cells, to decode artificial stimuli. In contrast, here we develop a scalable nonlinear decoding method to decode natural images from the responses of over a thousand simultaneously recorded units, and show that this decoder significantly improves on the state of the art.

scholarly journals The Olivary Pretectal Nucleus Receives Visual Input of High Spatial Resolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared N. Levine ◽  
Gregory W. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pretectal Nucleus ◽  
Single Cell Type

AbstractIn the mouse, retinal output is computed by over 40 distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) (Baden et al., 2016). Determining which of these many RGC types project to a retinorecipient region is a key step in elucidating the role that region plays in visually-mediated behaviors. Combining retrograde viral tracing and single-cell electrophysiology, we identify the RGC types which project to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), a major visual structure. We find that retinal input to the OPN consists of a variety of intrinsically-photosensitive and conventional RGC types, the latter a diverse set of mostly ON RGCs. Surprisingly, while the OPN is most associated with the pupillary light reflex (PLR) pathway, requiring information about absolute luminance, we show that the majority of the retinal input to the OPN is from single cell type which transmits information unrelated to luminance. This ON-transient RGC accounts for two-thirds of the input to the OPN, and responds to small objects across a wide range of speeds. This finding suggests a role for the OPN in visually-mediated behaviors beyond the PLR.Significance statementThe olivary pretectal nucleus is a midbrain structure which receives direct input from retinal ganglion cells (RGC), and modulates pupil diameter in response to changing absolute light level. In the present study, we combine viral tracing and electrophysiology to identify the RGC types which project to the OPN. Surprisingly, the majority of its input comes from a single type which does not encode absolute luminance, but instead responds to small objects across a wide range of speeds. These findings are consistent with a role for the OPN apart from pupil control and suggest future experiments to elucidate its full role in visually-mediated behavior.

scholarly journals Selective activation of ganglion cells without axon bundles using epiretinal electrical stimulation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Grosberg ◽  
Karthik Ganesan ◽  
Georges A. Goetz ◽  
Sasidhar Madugula ◽  
Nandita Bhaskar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Peripheral Retina ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Selective Activation ◽  
Central Retina ◽  
Axon Bundle

AbstractEpiretinal prostheses for treating blindness activate axon bundles, causing large, arc-shaped visual percepts that limit the quality of artificial vision. Improving the function of epiretinal prostheses therefore requires understanding and avoiding axon bundle activation. This paper introduces a method to detect axon bundle activation based on its electrical signature, and uses the method to test whether epiretinal stimulation can directly elicit spikes in individual retinal ganglion cells without activating nearby axon bundles. Combined electrical stimulation and recording from isolated primate retina were performed using a custom multi-electrode system (512 electrodes, 10 µm diameter, 60 µm pitch). Axon bundle signals were identified by their bi-directional propagation, speed, and increasing amplitude as a function of stimulation current. The threshold for bundle activation varied across electrodes and retinas, and was in the same range as the threshold for activating retinal ganglion cells near their somas. In the peripheral retina, 45% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (17% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. This permitted selective activation of 21% of recorded ganglion cells (7% of all ganglion cells) over the array. In the central retina, 75% of electrodes that activated individual ganglion cells (16% of all electrodes) did so without activating bundles. The ability to selectively activate a subset of retinal ganglion cells without axon bundles suggests a possible novel architecture for future epiretinal prostheses.New & NoteworthyLarge-scale multi-electrode recording and stimulation were used to test how selectively retinal ganglion cells can be electrically activated without activating axon bundles. A novel method was developed to identify axon activation based on its unique electrical signature, and used to find that a subset of ganglion cells can be activated at single-cell, single-spike resolution without producing bundle activity, in peripheral and central retina. These findings have implications for the development of advanced retinal prostheses.

scholarly journals A novel approach to the functional classification of retinal ganglion cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerrit Hilgen ◽  
Evgenia Kartsaki ◽  
Viktoriia Kartysh ◽  
Bruno Cessac ◽  
Evelyne Sernagor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Designer Drugs ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Multiple Clusters

Retinal neurons come in remarkable diversity based on structure, function and genetic identity. Classifying these cells is a challenging task, requiring multimodal methodology. Here, we introduce a novel approach for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) classification, based on pharmacogenetics combined with immunohistochemistry and large-scale retinal electrophysiology. Our novel strategy allows grouping of cells sharing gene expression and understanding how these cell classes respond to basic and complex visual scenes. Our approach consists of increasing the firing level of RGCs co-expressing a certain gene (Scnn1a or Grik4) using excitatory DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) and then correlate the location of these cells with post hoc immunostaining, to unequivocally characterize anatomical and functional features of these two groups. We grouped these isolated RGC responses into multiple clusters based on the similarity of the spike trains. With our approach, and accompanied by immunohistochemistry, we were able to extend the pre-existing list of Grik4 expressing RGC types to a total of 8 RGC types and, for the first time, we provide a phenotypical description of 14 Scnn1a-expressing RGCs. The insights and methods gained here can guide RGC classification but also neuronal classification challenges in other brain regions.

scholarly journals Multiplexed computations in retinal ganglion cells of a single type

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Deny ◽  
Ulisse Ferrari ◽  
Emilie Macé ◽  
Pierre Yger ◽  
Romain Caplette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

Large-scale morophological survey of rat retinal ganglion cells

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
WENZHI SUN ◽  
NING LI ◽  
SHIGANG HE
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Dendritic Field ◽  
Coated Particle ◽  
Soma Size

Ganglion cells in an isolated wholemount preparation of the rat retina were labeled using the “DiOlistic” labeling method (Gan et al., 2000) and were classified according to their morphological properties. Tungsten particles coated with a lipophilic dye (DiI) were propelled into the wholemount retina using a gene gun. When a dye-coated particle contacted the cell membrane, the entire cell was labeled. The ganglion cells were classified into four types based on their soma size, dendritic-field size, branching pattern, and level of stratification. Broadly monostratified cells were classified into three types: RGA cells (large soma, large dendritic field); RGB cells (small- to medium-sized soma, small- to medium-sized dendritic field); and RGC cells (small- to medium-sized soma, medium-to-large dendritic field). Bistratified cells were classified as RGD. Several subtypes were identified within each ganglion cell group. A number of new subtypes were discovered and added into the existing catalog, among them were two types of bistratified cells. This study therefore represents the most complete morphological classification of rat retinal ganglion cells available to date.

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