A right to read object code – software copyright law and the development of a decompilation exception in South Africa

The opportunity to read and extract knowledge from a lawfully obtained copy of any published work is a cornerstone of copyright law, except in the case of computer programs. This article examines the development of an exception to copyright protection that will permit decompilation of object code as a means to access its underlying ideas. It illustrates that the persistent link between software and literary works leads to an unduly narrow view of decompilation. This contention is supported by a basic technical illustration of the decompilation process to support the submission that reading object code should not amount to copyright infringement in any way. Thereafter, the proposed decompilation exception in South African copyright law is critically analysed in light of the developmental objectives expressed in national policy, to formulate an alternative approach based on the inherent flexibilities in international law and local conditions.

The role of object code in the structure of mythological text (straw in Polish mythological legends and folk beliefs about zmora)

The article is devoted to the study of the relationships of different types of cultural codes in Slavic folk culture, and focuses on object, character, and verbal codes. This problem is considered in the article on the example of straw as a special element of object code in the mythological text about zmora and in the context of its functioning. The article investigates mythological motifs and plots associated with zmora, which include straw; the place of these motifs and plots in the structure of the mythological text about zmora; the problem of their mapping; reflection of traces of folklore notions in which zmora is connected with straw in other folklore genres; different ways to protect yourself against zmora using straw; the functions of straw as an element of material culture, which are related to the problem under study, as well as parallels to the above in the folk culture of other Western Slavs. The article draws conclusions about a significant role of straw in Polish beliefs and legends about zmora. It is also suggested that the repeated mentions of straw in the Polish mythological text about zmora can be considered as related fragments that emerged as a result of the disintegration of a whole mythopoetic folk worldview.

Hypnotic Metaphor аs a Discursive Mechanism of Speech Influence (a Case Study of Psychological Trainings by Natalia Grace)

The article deals with the concept of hypnotic metaphor in psychiatry and linguistics and explores its application in the situation of public teaching discourse. The right-hemisphere mechanisms of perception are considered in order to detect sensory images, represented in the universal object code, since the processes of mastering the facts, which are based on similarity, adjacency, imagery, take place in the right hemisphere. The connection of mirror neurons with metaphorical thinking is assumed. The classification of metaphor types in psychotherapeutic literature is given. The article analyzes the performance of modern speaker-coaches, given as lectures, trainings, conversations and designed to effectively change the emotional mood and categorical constructs of listeners. Otherwise, listeners simply will not buy tickets for these events. It is concluded that modern lecture trainings are a kind of group psychotherapy session. Information is fed in a ‘live stream’ of right-hemisphere mechanisms involving mirror neurons. Coach rhetoric is a system of metaphors that are archetypes of consciousness and are part of the basic layer of the conceptual framework.

Improved Efficiency of Object Code Verification Using Statically Abstracted Object Code

One of the major challenges in the formal verification of embedded system software is the complexity and substantially large size of the implementation. The problem becomes crucial when the embedded system is a complex medical device that is executing convoluted algorithms. In refinement-based verification, both specification and implementation are expressed as transition systems. Each behavior of the implementation transition system is matched to the specification transition system with the help of a refinement map. The refinement map can only project those values from the implementation which are responsible for labeling the current state of the system. When the refinement map is applied at the object code level, numerous instructions map to a single state in the specification transition system called stuttering instructions. We use the concept of Static Stuttering Abstraction (SSA) that filters the common multiple segments of stuttering instructions and replaces each segment with a merger. SSA algorithm reduces the implementation state space in embedded software, subsequently decreasing the efforts involved in manual verification with WEB refinement. The algorithm is formally proven for correctness. SSA is implemented on the pacemaker object code to evaluate the effectiveness of abstracted code in verification process. The results helped to establish the fact that, despite code size reduction, the bugs and errors can still be found. We implemented the SSA technique on two different platforms and it has been proven to be consistent in decreasing the code size significantly and hence the complexity of the implementation transition system. The results illustrate that there is considerable reduction in time and effort required for the verification of a complex software control, i.e., pacemaker when statically stuttering abstracted code is employed.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI CAMPURAN PAVING BLOCK (Ditinjau dari Kuat Tekan dan Resapan Air)

The main objective of this study was to find out and analyze how much the influence of the coconut shell charcoal had on changes in compressive strength and water absorption in the K-175 paving block. This research method is experimental research, which is a research of making paving block specimens, by conducting activities or experiments using coconut shell waste as a mixture of paving blocks, with a mix design mix referring to the comparison of concrete mix with K-175 quality (SNI 03-2834-2000). The conversion value of compressive strength of specimens at the age of 7 days to 28 days from specimens N, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% is 271,80 kg/cm², 205,12 kg/cm², 102,57 kg/cm²,76,92 kg/cm² and 64,11 kg/cm² respectively. In the normal test code, the paving block is classified as class B quality, while the 5% specimen code is classified as class B quality, for the test object code 10%, 15%, and 20% do not meet the paving block quality standards. The results of the water absorption test increased in paving blocks with a combination of coconut shell charcoal. All of them have increased water infiltration on paving blocks.Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa seberapa besar pengaruh arang tempurung kelapa terhadap perubahan kuat tekan dan resapan air pada paving block K-175. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen, yaitu penelitian pembuatan benda uji paving block, dengan cara melakukan kegiatan atau percobaan pemanfaatan limbah tempurung kelapa sebagai campuran paving block, dengan perbandingan mix design mengacu pada perbandingan campuran beton dengan mutu K-175 (SNI 03-2834-2000). Hasil nilai konversi kuat tekan benda uji pada umur 7 hari ke umur 28 hari dari benda uji N, 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% adalah 271,80 kg/cm², 205,12 kg/cm², 102,57 kg/cm²,76,92 kg/cm² dan 64,11 kg/cm². Pada kode benda uji normal paving block tergolong dalam mutu kelas B, sedangkan pada kode benda uji 5% tergolong dalam mutu kelas B, untuk kode benda uji 10%, 15%, dan 20% tidak memenuhi standar mutu paving block. Hasil dari uji resapan air paving block dengan penambahan arang tempurung kelapa dari benda uji 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20%. Kesemuanya mengalami peningkatan resapan air pada paving block.

On the interaction of cultural codes in the ritual tradition

The article analyzes the relationships of the verbal component with other elements in the ritual tradition of Tuvans of China, Russia and Mongolia. It is noted that among cultural codes the verbal element stands out with more functionality and semantic charge in performing the rites. The ritual word is closely related to actions performed by the participants of the ceremony (gestures, facial expressions, body movements). The verbal component is pronounced in a certain space and in environment suitable for it conditions that are associated with the spatial code of the ritual. The verbal element is also associated with the time code, since any ritual text is pronounced at a certain stage of the ritual, at observance of timeframe. The interaction of the verbal code with the character code is manifested in the fact that in the rites the text is prefer- ably recited by respected people. The unity of the food code is indicated not only with verbal code, but also with actional, spatial, object elements. In competitions and games the interdependence of verbal components and the game code is revealed. Colour and number elements in verbal code are less noticeable, but they are also used in ritual formulas. The object code has a close connection when the ritual attribute is used while pronouncing the ritual text. The connection of the sound and verbal aspects is expressed when during a ritual texts are pronounced with volume effect.

An Early Performance Comparison of CUDA and OpenACC

This paper presents a performance comparison between CUDA and OpenACC. The performance analysis focuses on programming models and underlying compilers. In addition, we proposed a Performance Ratio of Data Sensitivity (PRoDS) metric to objectively compare traditional subjective performances: how sensitive OpenACC and CUDA implementations are to change in data size. The results show that in terms of kernel running time, the OpenACC performance is lower than the CUDA performance because PGI compiler needs to translate OpenACC kernels into object code while CUDA codes can be directly run. Besides, OpenACC programs are more sensitive to data changes than the equivalent CUDA programs with optimizations, but CUDA is more sensitive to data changes than OpenACC if there are no optimizations. Overall we found that OpenACC is a reliable programming model and a good alternative to CUDA for accelerator devices.