Parallel diversifications of Cremastosperma and Mosannona (Annonaceae), tropical rainforest trees tracking Neogene upheaval of the South American continent

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.1101/141127 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael D. Pirie ◽

Paul J. M. Maas ◽

Rutger A. Wilschut ◽

Heleen Melchers-Sharrott ◽

Lars W. Chatrou

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Molecular Dating ◽

Niche Modelling ◽

Apparent Contradiction ◽

Independent Evidence ◽

Humid Forest ◽

The Andes ◽

High Dispersal ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100033). Much of the immense present day biological diversity of Neotropical rainforests originated from the Miocene onwards, a period of geological and ecological upheaval in South America. We assess the impact of the Andean orogeny, drainage of lake Pebas, and closure of the Panama Isthmus on two clades of trees (Cremastosperma, c. 31 spp.; and Mosannona, c. 14 spp.; both Annonaceae) found in humid forest distributed across the transition zones between the Andes and Western (lowland) Amazonia and between Central and South America. We inferred phylogenies based on c. 80% of recognised species of each clade using plastid and nuclear encoded sequence markers, revealing similar patterns of geographically restricted clades. Using molecular dating we showed that diversifications in the different areas occurred in parallel, with timing consistent with Andean vicariance and Central American geodispersal. In apparent contradiction of high dispersal abilities of rainforest trees, Cremastosperma clades within Amazonia are also geographically restricted, with a southern/montane clade that appears to have diversified along the foothills of the Andes sister to one of more northern/lowland species that diversified in a region once inundated by lake Pebas. Ecological niche modelling approaches show phylogenetically conserved niche differentiation, particularly within Cremastosperma. Niche similarity and recent common ancestry of Amazon and Guianan Mosannona species contrasts with dissimilar niches and more distant ancestry of Amazon, Venezuelan and Guianan species of Cremastosperma suggesting that this element of the similar patterns of disjunct distributions in the two genera is instead a biogeographic parallelism, with differing origins. The results provide further independent evidence for the importance of the Andean orogeny, the drainage of Lake Pebas, and the formation of links between South and Central America in the evolutionary history of Neotropical lowland rainforest trees.

Parallel diversifications of Cremastosperma and Mosannona (Annonaceae), tropical rainforest trees tracking Neogene upheaval of South America

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.171561 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 171561 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Michael D. Pirie ◽

Paul J. M. Maas ◽

Rutger A. Wilschut ◽

Heleen Melchers-Sharrott ◽

Lars W. Chatrou

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Niche Differentiation ◽

Molecular Dating ◽

Central American ◽

Niche Modelling ◽

Independent Evidence ◽

History Of ◽

Lowland Rainforest ◽

The Impact

Much of the immense present day biological diversity of Neotropical rainforests originated from the Miocene onwards, a period of geological and ecological upheaval in South America. We assess the impact of the Andean orogeny, drainage of Lake Pebas and closure of the Panama isthmus on two clades of tropical trees ( Cremastosperma , ca 31 spp.; and Mosannona , ca 14 spp.; both Annonaceae). Phylogenetic inference revealed similar patterns of geographically restricted clades and molecular dating showed diversifications in the different areas occurred in parallel, with timing consistent with Andean vicariance and Central American geodispersal. Ecological niche modelling approaches show phylogenetically conserved niche differentiation, particularly within Cremastosperma . Niche similarity and recent common ancestry of Amazon and Guianan Mosannona species contrast with dissimilar niches and more distant ancestry of Amazon, Venezuelan and Guianan species of Cremastosperma , suggesting that this element of the similar patterns of disjunct distributions in the two genera is instead a biogeographic parallelism, with differing origins. The results provide further independent evidence for the importance of the Andean orogeny, the drainage of Lake Pebas, and the formation of links between South and Central America in the evolutionary history of Neotropical lowland rainforest trees.

The Mediterranean Environment of Central Chile

The Physical Geography of South America ◽

10.1093/oso/9780195313413.003.0019 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Juan J. Armesto ◽

Mary T. K. Arroyo

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Narrow Band ◽

Mediterranean Environment ◽

Central Chile ◽

The Andes ◽

Selective Approach ◽

Physical Setting ◽

The Mediterranean ◽

Western Side

The Mediterranean-type environment of South America, broadly defined as the continental area characterized by winter rainfall and summer drought, is confined to a narrow band about 1,000 km long on the western side of the Andes in north-central Chile (Arroyo et al., 1995, 1999). Although much has been written about the climate, vegetation, and landscapes of this part of Chile, and comparisons have been drawn with California and other Mediterranean-type regions of the world (Parsons, 1976; Mooney, 1977; Rundel, 1981; Arroyo et al., 1995), a modern synthesis of information on the physical setting, regional biota, and historical development of ecosystems in central Chile has not been attempted. This chapter is intended to provide such an integrated picture, emphasizing those aspects most peculiar to the region. Since the earlier floristic work on the Chilean matorral (e.g. Mooney, 1977), the name given to the vegetation of central Chile, there is now a much greater appreciation of the geographic isolation and high levels of biological diversity and endemism in this region of South America (Arroyo and Cavieres, 1997; Villagrán, 1995; Arroyo et al., 1995, 1999). Because of the great richness and singularity of its terrestrial flora, this area of the continent is considered to be one of the world’s 25 hotspots in which to conserve global biodiversity (Arroyo et al., 1999; Myers et al., 2000). An analysis of the main features of the Mediterranean environment in South America should therefore address the causes of such high floristic richness, the nature of current threats to biodiversity, and the prospects for its conservation in the long-term. A discussion of conservation concerns closes the present chapter (but see also: Arroyo and Cavieres, 1997; and Arroyo et al., 1999). In view of the vast literature on the biota and physical setting of central Chile, this chapter adopts a selective approach, from a biogeographic perspective, of what we consider to be the most remarkable historical, physical, and ecological features of this environment, which in turn may explain its extraordinary richness in plants and animals. Mediterranean-type ecosystems occupy a narrow band along the western margin of South America, from 30 to 36°S in central Chile.

Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers on Precipitation in Southern South America

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-18-0006.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1671-1687 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Maximiliano Viale ◽

Raúl Valenzuela ◽

René D. Garreaud ◽

F. Martin Ralph

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

West Coast ◽

Detection Algorithm ◽

Water Vapor Transport ◽

The South ◽

Southern South America ◽

Atmospheric Rivers ◽

The Andes ◽

Hourly Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract This study quantifies the impact of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on precipitation in southern South America. An AR detection algorithm was developed based on integrated water vapor transport (IVT) from 6-hourly CFSR reanalysis data over a 16-yr period (2001–16). AR landfalls were linked to precipitation using a comprehensive observing network that spanned large variations in terrain along and across the Andes from 27° to 55°S, including some sites with hourly data. Along the Pacific (west) coast, AR landfalls are most frequent between 38° and 50°S, averaging 35–40 days yr−1. This decreases rapidly to the south and north of this maximum, as well as to the east of the Andes. Landfalling ARs are more frequent in winter/spring (summer/fall) to the north (south) of ~43°S. ARs contribute 45%–60% of the annual precipitation in subtropical Chile (37°–32°S) and 40%–55% along the midlatitude west coast (37°–47°S). These values significantly exceed those in western North America, likely due to the Andes being taller. In subtropical and midlatitude regions, roughly half of all events with top-quartile precipitation rates occur under AR conditions. Median daily and hourly precipitation in ARs is 2–3 times that of other storms. The results of this study extend knowledge of the key roles of ARs on precipitation, weather, and climate in the South American region. They enable comparisons with other areas globally, provide context for specific events, and support local nowcasting and forecasting.

Vulnerability of Patagonian planktonic copepods to fluctuations in temperature and UV radiation

Crustaceana ◽

10.1163/15685403-00003288 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 291-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Patricia Elizabeth Garcia ◽

María C. Dieguez

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

South American ◽

The Andes ◽

High Solar Radiation ◽

Set Up ◽

Solar Radiation Exposure ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

The Impact

The aim of this investigation is to address the impact of fluctuations in temperature and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on three species of South American copepods, Boeckella antiqua, B. gracilis and B. brevicaudata. These copepods are cold stenotherm and occur in high latitude lakes of South America and in mountain lakes in the Andes. The forecast scenarios for climate change in southern South America anticipate raising temperature and UVR levels. These changes may have the potential to impact high altitude and latitude ecosystems, including lakes and their cold adapted biota, such as those in Patagonia. Laboratory experiments, consisting of 10 day and 2 day incubations, were set up to analyse copepod mortality in relation with: (i) temperature, and (ii) the combined effect of temperature (5, 8, 12, 16, 20°C) and UV-B dose (61, 194 and 324 J m−2). The results obtained showed up that temperature is a limiting factor for B. brevicaudata that did not survive above 12°C. B. antiqua and B. gracilis withstood the temperature range although their mortality was higher at 12-16°C. The survivorship of these copepod species to radiation was found to depend on the UV-B dose, resulting in higher mortality at the highest UV-B dose. Overall, at least one Boeckella species showed an acute sensitivity to increasing temperature, and the three species studied proved tolerant to the UV-B experimental exposure. The survivorship patterns observed in Boeckella species reflect clearly their adaptation to high solar radiation exposure and to temperate to cold environmental conditions.

Distribution and habitat use of Neotropical migrant landbirds in the Amazon basin and Andes

Bird Conservation International ◽

10.1017/s0959270900001064 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 5 (2-3) ◽

pp. 305-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. K. Robinson ◽

J. W. Fitzpatrick ◽

J. Terborgh

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Migratory Birds ◽

Primary Forest ◽

Western Slope ◽

Neotropical Migrant ◽

Dendroica Cerulea ◽

The Andes ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Impact

SummaryWe documented the geographical distributions and habitat selection of Neotropical migrants in South America along a successional gradient in the lowlands of Amazonian Peru, and along elevational gradients in the Andes of south-eastern Peru and of eastern and western Ecuador. Most of the 30 species of northern migrants that regularly winter in South America appear to be concentrated in the western edge of the Amazon basin and on the lower slopes (2,000 m) of the Andes. Migrants in a lowland site were documented more often in early successional habitats than in primary forest, and no species were confined to mature forest habitats. The number of species and relative abundance of migrants in primary forest, however, increased with elevation up to about 1,200 m and decreased above that elevation. Several species (Contopus borealis, Dendroica cerulea and Wilsonia canadensis) were largely confined to primary forest in the 1,000-2,000 m elevational zones in both Peru and Ecuador. Migrants on the western slope of the Ecuadorean Andes included several species that primarily winter further north. In general, the species richness of migrants and residents was inversely correlated, both on a biogeographical and a local scale. Migratory birds are most likely to be adversely affected by deforestation of the lower slopes of the Andes, which is proceeding at a rapid pace. The impact of human alterations of Amazonian forests will be greater on resident than on migratory birds. The loss of mid-successional lowland forests, however, might have a negative effect on several species.

Projected changes to severe thunderstorm environments as a result of 21st century warming in CORDEX-CORE simulations

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-6282 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Russell Glazer ◽

José Abraham Torres‑Alavez ◽

Filippo Giorgi ◽

Erika Coppola ◽

Sushant Das ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

South America ◽

Severe Weather ◽

Vertical Shear ◽

Small Scale ◽

Positive Trend ◽

The Andes ◽

Severe Thunderstorms ◽

The Future ◽

The Impact

&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Dangerous weather related to severe thunderstorms including tornadoes, high-winds, and hail cause significant damage globally to life and property every year. Yet the impact on these storms from a warming climate remains a difficult task due to their small scale and transient nature. Here, we present a study in which the changes to the large-scale environments in which severe thunderstorms form were investigated during 21st century warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) in a group of RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations. Severe potential is measured in terms of CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) and shear during the severe seasons in three regions which are known to currently be prone to severe hazards: North America, the southeastern coast of South America east of the Andes, and eastern India and Bangladesh. In every region environments supportive for severe thunderstorms are projected to increase during the warm season months in both RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 during the 21st century. The number of days supportive for severe thunderstorms increases by several days per season over the vast majority of each region by the end of the century. In the case of RCP2.6, where greenhouse gas forcing is relatively weak compared to RCP8.5, there is still a consistent positive trend in the impact on severe days. The simulations using RCP8.5 forcing show large changes to the annual cycle of severe weather as well as the number of days supportive for severe weather per season. In some regions, like for example Northern Argentina along the Andes mountains, the number of days with severe conditions present increases by nearly 100% by the end of the century. Analyzing the CAPE and shear trends during the 21st century we find seasonal and regionally specific changes driving the increased severe potential. 21st century surface warming is clearly driving a robust increase in CAPE in all regions, however poleward displacement of vertical shear in the future leads to the movement of severe environments over North America and South America. We would also like to present a preliminary look at the next phase of this project which will apply similar methods to an ensemble of 11o Euro-CORDEX simulations to investigate severe conditions over the European region in the future.

Projected changes to Severe Thunderstorm environments as a result of 21st century warming from RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9970 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Russell Glazer ◽

José Abraham Torres-Alavez ◽

Erika Coppola ◽

Sushant Das ◽

Moetasim Ashfaq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

South America ◽

Convective Available Potential Energy ◽

Severe Weather ◽

Vertical Shear ◽

Positive Trend ◽

The Andes ◽

Severe Thunderstorms ◽

The Future ◽

The Impact

Dangerous weather related to severe thunderstorms including tornadoes, high-winds, and hail cause significant damage globally to life and property every year. Yet the impact on these storms from a warming climate remains a difficult task due to their transient nature. In this study we investigate changes in the large-scale environments in which severe thunderstorms form during 21st century warming (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) in a group of RegCM CORDEX-CORE simulations. Severe potential is measured in terms of CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) and shear during the severe seasons in three regions which are known to currently be prone to severe hazards: North America, the southeastern coast of South America east of the Andes, and eastern India and Bangladesh. In every region environments supportive for severe thunderstorms are increasing during the warm season months in both RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 during the 21st century. The number of days supportive for severe thunderstorms increases by several days per season over the vast majority of each region by the end of the century. In the case of RCP2.6, where greenhouse gas forcing is relatively weak compared to RCP8.5, there is still a consistent positive trend in the impact on severe days. The simulations using RCP8.5 forcing show large changes to the annual cycle of severe weather as well as the number of days supportive for severe weather per season. In some regions, like for example Northern Argentina along the Andes mountains, the number of days with severe conditions present increases by nearly 100% by the end of the century. Analyzing the CAPE and shear trends during the 21st century we find seasonal and regionally specific changes driving the increased severe potential. 21st century surface warming is clearly driving a robust increase in CAPE in all regions, however poleward displacement of vertical shear in the future leads to the movement of severe environments over North America and South America. The results found here relate that severe impacts in the future cannot be generalized globally, and that regionally specific changes in vertical shear may drive future movement of regions prone to severe weather.

Chasing the phantom: biogeography and conservation of Vipera latastei-monticola in the Maghreb (North Africa)

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/15685381-17000197 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 145-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Inês Freitas ◽

Soumia Fahd ◽

Guillermo Velo-Antón ◽

Fernando Martínez-Freiría

Keyword(s):

North Africa ◽

Habitat Degradation ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Niche Modelling ◽

Habitat Transformation ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Management Actions ◽

Suitable Space ◽

The Impact

Abstract The Maghreb region (North Africa) constitutes a major component of the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot. During the last centuries, a consistent human population growth has led to an unprecedented rate of habitat transformation and loss in the region and thus, threatening its biodiversity. The Western Mediterranean viper Vipera latastei-monticola inhabits humid and subhumid areas in the main mountain ranges of the Maghreb, facing such threatening factors; however, its elusive character and rarity hindered data collection for distinct biological purposes. Here, we study the biogeographical patterns and conservation status of the Maghrebian V. latastei-monticola resulting from recent sampling campaigns in Morocco and Tunisia. We update species distribution, and integrate phylogeographic and ecological niche modelling analyses at both species and lineage level to identify suitable areas, and to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic transformation and level of protection of their suitable space. We identified four highly divergent mitochondrial lineages, including a new lineage endemic to the Western High Atlas, with allopatric distributions and restricted to mountain ranges, supporting the role of mountains as past climatic refugia. Despite the remoteness of suitable areas, we report widespread habitat degradation and identify the low effectiveness of the current protected areas system in preserving the species and lineages range. Our study shows the urgent need to apply management actions for the long-term conservation of this vulnerable species and suggests a revaluation of the specific status of V. monticola, as these populations likely represent an ecotype of V. latastei.

Anthropogenic climate change has changed frequency of past flood during 2010-2013

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science ◽

10.1186/s40645-021-00431-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yukiko Hirabayashi ◽

Haireti Alifu ◽

Dai Yamazaki ◽

Yukiko Imada ◽

Hideo Shiogama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

South America ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Flood Frequency ◽

Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Signal ◽

Northern Eurasia ◽

Large Ensemble ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe ongoing increases in anthropogenic radiative forcing have changed the global water cycle and are expected to lead to more intense precipitation extremes and associated floods. However, given the limitations of observations and model simulations, evidence of the impact of anthropogenic climate change on past extreme river discharge is scarce. Here, a large ensemble numerical simulation revealed that 64% (14 of 22 events) of floods analyzed during 2010-2013 were affected by anthropogenic climate change. Four flood events in Asia, Europe, and South America were enhanced within the 90% likelihood range. Of eight snow-induced floods analyzed, three were enhanced and four events were suppressed, indicating that the effects of climate change are more likely to be seen in the snow-induced floods. A global-scale analysis of flood frequency revealed that anthropogenic climate change enhanced the occurrence of floods during 2010-2013 in wide area of northern Eurasia, part of northwestern India, and central Africa, while suppressing the occurrence of floods in part of northeastern Eurasia, southern Africa, central to eastern North America and South America. Since the changes in the occurrence of flooding are the results of several hydrological processes, such as snow melt and changes in seasonal and extreme precipitation, and because a climate change signal is often not detectable from limited observation records, large ensemble discharge simulation provides insights into anthropogenic effects on past fluvial floods.

Predicting the Future Distribution of Ara rubrogenys, an Endemic Endangered Bird Species of the Andes, Taking into Account Trophic Interactions

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13020094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Alain Hambuckers ◽

Simon de Harenne ◽

Eberth Rocha Ledezma ◽

Lilian Zúñiga Zeballos ◽

Louis François

Keyword(s):

Food Resource ◽

Bird Species ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Distribution Models ◽

Plant Resources ◽

Term Survival ◽

The Andes ◽

Vegetation Models ◽

Fertilizing Effect ◽

The Impact

Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used with climate only to predict animal distribution changes. This approach however neglects the evolution of other components of the niche, like food resource availability. SDMs are also commonly used with plants. This also suffers limitations, notably an inability to capture the fertilizing effect of the rising CO2 concentration strengthening resilience to water stress. Alternatively, process-based dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) respond to CO2 concentration. To test the impact of the plant modelling method to model plant resources of animals, we studied the distribution of a Bolivian macaw, assuming that, under future climate, DVMs produce more conservative results than SDMs. We modelled the bird with an SDM driven by climate. For the plant, we used SDMs or a DVM. Under future climates, the macaw SDM showed increased probabilities of presence over the area of distribution and connected range extensions. For plants, SDMs did not forecast overall response. By contrast, the DVM produced increases of productivity, occupancy and diversity, also towards higher altitudes. The results offered positive perspectives for the macaw, more optimistic with the DVM than with the SDMs, than initially assumed. Nevertheless, major common threats remain, challenging the short-term survival of the macaw.