THE ADAPTATION OF ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES IN SARAWAK TRADITIONAL MALAY HOUSE

Historically, in the event of Islam's arrival in the Malay Archipelago, the ways of Islam were adapted to the lifestyle of the Malay community. It's part of modernizing traditional Malay thoughts (akliah) which is influenced by Islamic values and teachings. One of the manifestations of Islamic influence in the traditional Malay lifestyle can be identified from the design and characteristics of Traditional Malay houses, developed with underlying principles of Islam. This paper discusses the application of Islamic principles in Sarawak traditional Malay houses. The research was conducted on three traditional Malay houses chosen from Sarawak and located in Kuching, Sarawak. The methods of observation and case study were employed, focusing on the interior space of the house and certain other design components. In addition, interviews were performed with the owners of the three houses that comprised the samples and focus group discussions with 12 Malay people over 65. The findings indicate that three concepts may be related to Islam's characteristics in Sarawak: the concept of occupant social connections, residential space, and construction and design.

Nusantarazation Environmental Paradigm: Sustaining Biodiversity and Culture in Nusantara Malay Archipelago with Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK)

Since Nusantara Malay Archipelago is a maritime community, its indigenous knowledge and local wisdom is largely connected to sea life and water. Nevertheless, there are also mountains, valleys, forests and flatlands; hence, local knowledge is also connected to these landscapes and spaces. This article submits the environmental paradigm of Nusantarazation and its interconnectedness with local ecological knowledge (LEK) as well as reports on findings in the form of case exemplars in the field related to these constructs. The authors argue that Nusantarazation is an epistemological paradigm which is able to decolonize environment knowledge and provide an integrative framework for LEK, sustainable practices and technological know-how. The spatial scope covers mainly areas in Malaysia and Indonesia as these are part of Nusantara. Among the key findings are that LEK tend to be accompanied with seemingly unscientific or mythical narratives but are translated into practices that promote sustainability either in the land or waters. This article also capture various local constructs and beliefs that capture the underlying value systems which are integral to conservation and ecological balance. Nevertheless, the Nusantarazation environmental paradigm encounters challenges from colonial legacies of power modern practices and industrial complex that threaten to harm the environment and humanity.

Pencorakan Kepulauan Melayu dan Pulau Pinang oleh Kaum Jawi Peranakan dan Hadhrami Melalui Kewartawanan dan Persuratkhabaran Sebelum 1942: Satu Tafsiran Semula Penulisan W. R. Roff

This article provides a reintrepretation and emphasis on journalism and newspapers, generally through the writings of W.R. Roff. Three of his works significant to this study are Studies on Islam and Society in Southeast Asia (2009: NUS Press Singapore), Bibliography of Malay and Arabic periodicals published in the Straits Settlements an Peninsular Malay States 1876-1941 (1972: Oxford University Press) and The Origins of Malay Nationalism (1967: Yale University Press). From his studies, it is instructive to recall that the Malay-language newspapers was the outcome of the collusion between the culture of the Malay archipelago and the West; and early Malay journalism from 1876 through the beginning of the Japanese Occupation in 1942 was the expression and manifestation of a Malay identity through the Jawi Peranakan and Hadhrami communities in an urban and cosmopolitan climate, with specific reference to the Tanjong Malays in Pulau Pinang.

SONGKET MELAYU: SERUMPUN BANGSA SESANTUN BUDAYA

History has shown that the “songket” is in a class of its own in the socio-culture of Malays in the Malay Archipelago. Fundamentally, “songket” and its wearing have been the symbol of acceptance and the collective instillation of cultural values. The textile was created based on cross- and multi-cultural elements that have long been established and further assimilated into society today. Therefore, this study aims to trace the beginnings and roles of the royal institutions in spreading this heritage art between Malaysia and Indonesia, specifically for “songket” Terengganu and Riau. The research focuses on the similarities based on acculturation and assimilation of culture. This study is critical as a form of knowledge documentation for both countries, which share similar connections and homogenous values. The research employs the qualitative approach, with a focus on observation and conducting interviews. A secondary study is also conducted to analyse the historical and socio-cultural aspects involved. Interview subjects from both countries were chosen based on specific fields and locations. Each finding leads and adds to the existing body of knowledge. Since issues on the Malay World usually take on a broader outlook, the implications of the study can contribute to the ethnic group itself, especially the scholars, weavers, cultural activists, art historians and the community at large. Based on the quality and uniqueness of the “songket”, there is no doubt that the textile should be acknowledged as one of the greatest heritage art, saturated with civil values and symbols of the finesse of the Malays.

WARISAN PERUBATAN TRADISIONAL DALAM SENI SILAT DI KELANTAN, MALAYSIA

AbstrakSilat merupakan seni mempertahankan diri yang terkenal dalam kalangan masyarakat Melayu dan tersebar luas di Nusantara. Namun, tidak semua dalam kalangan masyarakat mengetahui tentang adanya proses perubatan secara tradisional di dalam persilatan dan kedua-duanya amat memerlukan antara satu sama lain. Dalam erti kata lain, perubatan tradisional dalam seni silat telah bergerak seiring dengan pembelajaran ilmu silat dan berfungsi sebagai ikhtiar untuk menyembuhkan pelbagai jenis penyakit. Aktiviti perubatan tradisional di dalam persilatan ini juga masih lagi diamalkan di Kelantan, yang juga terkenal dengan ritual perubatan melalui seni persembahan seperti Main Puteri dan Mak Yong. Walau bagaimanapun proses perubatan dalam seni silat yang dikaji berbeza dengan Main Puteri dan Mak Yong di mana ia tidak dipertontonkan di hadapan khalayak ramai. Mengungkap secara lebih mendalam mengenai perubatan dalam seni silat, pengkaji akan menerangkan objektif kajian ini iaitu apakah jenis penyakit yang dialami oleh pesakit dan bagaimana proses perubatan dilakukan oleh gurulatih. Di samping itu, pengkaji telah menjalankan kaedah pemerhatian serta pemerhatian secara ikut serta dan menemubual beberapa orang gurulatih seni silat itu sendiri. AbstractSilat is an art of self-defense that is well known among the Malay community and is widespread throughout the Malay Archipelago. However, the society might not be aware that in silat there is a practice of traditional healing and both need one another. In other words, traditional healing in silat have been moving along with the learning aspect of the martial art and serves as an effort to cure several illnesses suffered by a patient. Silat healing activities are still being practiced in Kelantan, which is known for its traditional healing rituals through the performance of Main Teri and Mak Yong. The healing process in the Seni Silat Pusaka Gayong Malaysia, Kelantan branch is different from Main Teri and Mak Yong and can’t be shown to the public. In looking deeper into the healing process in silat, the researcher analyses the objectives of this study which covered the types of illnesses experienced by patients and how healing processes were done by the ‘gurulatih’. The research was conducted using the participant-observation method and interviews with a few silat ‘gurulatih’

Phylogeography of Blue Corals (Genus Heliopora) Across the Indo-West Pacific

Species delimitation of corals is one of the most challenging issues in coral reef ecology and conservation. Morphology can obscure evolutionary relationships, and molecular datasets are consistently revealing greater within-species diversity than currently understood. Most phylogenetic studies, however, have examined narrow geographic areas and phylogeographic expansion is required to obtain more robust interpretations of within- and among- species relationships. In the case of the blue coral Heliopora, there are currently two valid species (H. coerulea and H. hiberniana) as evidenced by integrated genetic and morphological analyses in northwestern Australia. There are also two distinct genetic lineages of H. coerulea in the Kuroshio Current region that are morphologically and reproductively different from each other. Sampling from all Heliopora spp. across the Indo-Pacific is essential to obtain a more complete picture of phylogeographic patterns. To examine phylogenetic relationships within the genus Heliopora, we applied Multiplexed inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) Genotyping by sequencing (MIG-seq) on > 1287 colonies across the Indo-West Pacific. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees indicated the examined Heliopora samples comprise three genetically distinct groups: H. coerulea group, H. hiberniana group, and a new undescribed Heliopora sp. group with further subdivisions within each group. Geographic structuring is evident among the three species with H. hiberniana group found in the Indo-Malay Archipelago and biased toward the Indian Ocean whilst Heliopora sp. was only found in the Kuroshio Current region and Singapore, indicating that this taxon is distributed in the western Pacific and the Indo-Malay Archipelago. Heliopora coerulea has a wider distribution, being across the Indian Ocean and western Pacific. This study highlights the effectiveness of phylogenetic analysis using genome-wide markers and the importance of examining populations across their distribution range to understand localized genetic structure and speciation patterns of corals.

Sufi Symbols In Poems Of Ibn ᶜArabi And Hamzah Fansuri

As a way of communication, poetry is used by the Sufis to portray their knowledge and experiences in searching for God. However, the use of words in describing immaterial experiences spurs misconceptions among readers. Nevertheless, signs such as symbols are still being used in Sufi’s poetry. It plays a key role in expressing mystical thoughts, myriad of emotions, and even uplifting our mundane spirits. This article explores the meaning of symbols in Ibn ᶜArabi’s and Hamzah Fansuri’s poems. Both were known as prominent and controversially Sufi’s figures in two different regions, the Arab World and the Malay Archipelago. In studying it, a semiotic approach is used whilst a comparative approach is carried out to differentiate the existence of influence between the two figures as the latter is influenced theologically with the first. The finding shows that there is a likeness in the use of symbols and meaning connotations brought about by Ibn ᶜArabi and Hamzah Fansuri which proves the existence of influence between them, but variations are exhibited in the designation of the symbols which adhering to the different milieu, culture, and geographical places. Therefore, this study significantly indicating the authentication of Sufi poets in using symbols that portray the nation's culture and background. It also emphasizes the importance of interconnection between different cultures of Islam.

The Understanding of Wasl Al-Fiqh Bi Al-Hadith at Traditional Dayah Aceh

Wasl al-Fiqh bi al-Hadith integrates jurisprudence and hadith so that it enables fiqh experts to rely on hadith in formulating their rulings while hadith experts can derive a more accurate interpretation. Among others, this concept is applied at Aceh traditional dayah as the oldest Islamic educational institution in the Malay Archipelago which Acehness put their respect as the reference in Islamic rulings and teaching. This field study took place at Dayah Mudi Mesra, Samalanga, Aceh, due to its long-established reputation and great influence among Acehnese. The study aims to shed some light on the concept of wasl al-Fiqh bi al-Hadith according to some Islamic scholars, analyze the concept as perceived by the traditional Dayah of Aceh, and portray the polemic on Friday prayer ritual as prescribed by the traditional Dayah. The study employs qualitative data collection instruments consisting of library data, interviews, observations, and documentation. Inductive, deductive, and comparative methods were used for data analysis. The study found that implementation of this concept at the Dayah has been synonymous with the exclusive adoption of Shafi’i school as it heavily relies on several Shafi’i books or opinions of Shafi’i scholars as primary references.(Wasl al-Fiqh bi al-Hadith memadukan kajian fiqh dan hadis sehingga ahli fiqh dapat berpedoman kepada hadis dalam merumuskan aturan-aturan hukum sementara ahli hadis dapat mengetahui makna sebuah hadis dengan lebih akurat. Konsep ini salah satunya diterapkan di Dayah Tradisional Aceh, sebuah lembaga kajian Islam tertua di Kepulauan Melayu yang disegani dan menjadi rujukan dalam hal aturan serta ajaran Islam di masyarakat setempat. Kajian ini merupakan studi lapangan yang bertempat di Dayah Mudi Mesra Samalanga Aceh karena pengaruhnya yang sudah lama dan berakar kuat bagi masyarakat Aceh. Ia bertujuan mendalami konsep wasl al-fiqh bi al-hadith menurut para cendekiawan Muslim, mengkaji pemahaman akan konsep wasl al-fiqh bi al-hadith di kalangan Dayah tersebut dan memotret polemik soal pelaksanaan Salat Jumat di dalamnya. Kajian ini merupakan studi kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data secara pustaka, wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Sementara itu, analisis data dilakukan secara induktif, deduktif, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi konsep tersebut sebenarnya tidak lebih dari adopsi eksklusif terhadap madzhab Syafi’i karena ketergantungan yang demikian kuat pada buku-buku madzhab Syafi’i serta pandangan ulama-ulama Syafi’iyyah sebagai referensi utama)

[Hamka: The Notable Malay Archipelago Scholar] Hamka: Tokoh Ulama Nusantara

Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (HAMKA) is a Muslim scholar from the Nusantara, who is famous with his works in many fields. His contributions in the development and progress of Muslims in the 20th century are seen as crucial. This study discusses Hamka’s contributions in three major fields which are politics, education, and literature. Hamka strived in the Indonesian political movements such as the Masyumi Party and the Indonesian Ulema Council. He was a religious teacher in educational institutions in Indonesia. He was also a well-known Indonesian writer in the 20th century and had produced many works in different genres. His contributions in the three fields have put forth this writing. This study applies suitable historical analysis method such as internal and external criticism to provide factual evidence as the findings. External criticism is used to confirm the authenticity of a source in terms of time, place, and the person who quoted or produced the materials. Meanwhile, internal criticism is done through careful research of the confirmed and authentic content of the sources from external criticism. As a result, Hamka’s excellence in the three fields which are politics, educations, and literature is indispiutable. This study also highlights his eminence as a great Muslim scholar, writer, leader, and preacher. The impact of his contributions is evident not only in the 20th century but continues until today. Keywords: Hamka, Malay Archipelago scholar, contributions, politics, education, literature Abstrak Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah (HAMKA) merupakan ulama Nusantara abad-20M yang terkenal dengan ketokohannya dalam pelbagai bidang. Sumbangan beliau begitu penting terhadap pembangunan dan kemajuan umat Islam pada abad ke-20M. Kajian ini membincangkan sumbangan Hamka dalam tiga bidang utama, iaitu politik, pendidikan dan penulisan. Hamka bergiat aktif dalam gerakan politik Indonesia seperti Masyumi dan Majlis Ulama Indonesia. Selain itu, Hamka dilantik sebagai tenaga pengajar di institusi pendidikan di Indonesia. Hamka juga dikenali sebagai sasterawan Indonesia pada abad ke-20M dan telah menghasilkan banyak penulisan yang terdiri daripada pelbagai genre. Peranan Hamka yang begitu menonjol dalam ketiga-tiga bidang tersebut telah menjadi titik tolak kepada penulisan ini. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kajian sejarah yang sesuai seperti kritikan luaran dan kritikan dalaman bagi memastikan ketulenan fakta yang diperolehi. Kritikan luaran dilakukan untuk mengesahkan keaslian dan ketulenan sumber dari segi masa, tempat dan individu yang menghasilkan sumber atau bahan tersebut. Kritikan dalaman pula dilakukan terhadap isi kandungan yang telah disahkan kesahihannya semasa melakukan kritikan luaran. Hasilnya, ketokohan Hamka dapat dilihat dengan jelas dalam tiga bidang tersebut, iaitu politik, pendidikan dan penulisan. Bukan itu sahaja, kajian ini turut menonjolkan ketokohan Hamka sebagai seorang ulama, sasterawan, pemimpin dan pendakwah yang disegani. Kesan sumbangan beliau dapat dilihat bukan sahaja pada abad ke-20M sahaja malah berterusan sehingga ke hari ini. Kata kunci: Hamka, ulama Nusantara, sumbangan, politik, pendidikan, penulisan

Persoalan Niat, Guru dan Ilmu dalam Belajar: Suatu Analisis terhadap MSS 2906(B) Tibyān al-Marām

Issues regarding intention in learning are fundamental in Islamic Education tradition of Malay Archipelago, however, remain unsettled among the community. The misconception about intention, selection of teachers and knowledge are exacerbated by the emergence of various thoughts that aiming for material, usefulness and pridefulness in learning. Therefore, this article will discuss the issues regarding intention, selection of teachers and knowledge in learning according to Malay manuscripts, the MSS 2906(B) Tibyān al-Marām Ṭalibah al-Ṭalabah. This manuscript is selected because it was the only manuscript that specifically and comprehensively discussing about Islamic education in Malay Archipelago. This research applied qualitative method and content analysis of Malay manuscript MSS 2906(B). Based on the analysis of this manuscript, it can be concluded that the most important intention in learning is solely to seek the pleasure of Allah on top of other ukhrawi and duniawi related purposes. This book also emphasizes the importance of correct selection of teachers, knowledge and books in learning process. There are several teacher attributes and four categories of knowledge needed in learning process. This study is expected to provide solution to the issues and confusion among the community including students regarding the concept of intention in Islamic education as well as selection of teachers and knowledge in learning. This study also will explore the other research related to Islamic education in the heritage of the Malay-Muslim community. Keywords: Rules of conduct in learning; Islamic education curriculum, Teacher, Tibyān al-Marām, Manuscript studies Abstrak Persoalan niat dalam belajar merupakan perkara paling asas dalam tradisi Pendidikan Islam Alam Melayu. Namun begitu, ia masih lagi mengundang kekeliruan dalam kalangan masyarakat tentang tujuan seseorang itu belajar. Kekeliruan ini bertambah serius dengan kemunculan beberapa faham asing yang menyempitkan tujuan belajar dan menjelaskan usaha tersebut adalah untuk tujuan material, gunaan dan kebanggaan. Begitu juga kekeliruan berlaku dalam aspek pemilihan guru dan ilmu. Walhal semua aspek ini amat penting dan ia banyak mempengaruhi kejayaan seseorang pelajar. Justeru, artikel ini akan membincangkan persoalan niat dan ketepatan pemilihan guru dan ilmu dalam belajar menurut salah satu manuskrip Melayu, iaitu MSS 2906(B) Tibyān al-Marām Ṭalibah al-Ṭalabah. Pemilihan manuskrip ini disebabkan ia merupakan satu-satunya manuskrip khusus dan ekstensif yang membicara pendidikan Islam Alam Melayu. Kajian ini mengaplikasi metode kualitatif dengan melakukan analisis mendalam terhadap kandungan teks manuskrip Melayu MSS 2906(B). Berdasarkan analisis kandungan tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahawa niat yang paling utama dalam belajar ialah memperoleh reda Allah SWT di samping tujuan berkaitan ukhrawi dan duniawi yang lain. Begitu juga, kitab Tibyān al-Marām menegaskan bahawa para pelajar perlu memberi perhatian dan membuat pemilihan guru, ilmu dan kitab yang tepat dalam mengikuti proses belajar. Terdapat beberapa atribut guru yang perlu diperhatikan oleh para pelajar dan empat kategori ilmu yang perlu dijadikan asas semasa memilih ilmu yang ingin dipelajari. Dengan adanya kajian ini diharapkan dapat menyumbang kepada penyelesaian masalah dan kekeliruan dalam kalangan masyarakat dan pelajar tentang tujuan sebenar pendidikan Islam serta pemilihan guru dan ilmu semasa pengajian. Artikel ini juga selanjutnya akan meneroka pelbagai kajian lanjutan berkaitan pendidikan Islam dalam khazanah warisan masyarakat Melayu-Islam. Kata kunci: Adab Belajar, Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam, Guru, Tibyān al-Marām, Kajian Manuskrip