scholarly journals Task-related motor response inflates confidence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Siedlecka ◽  
Borysław Paulewicz ◽  
Marcin Koculak
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Rating ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Response Set ◽  
Decision Alternatives ◽  
Related Process ◽  
Spatial Congruence ◽  
And Task

AbstractStudies on confidence in decision-making tasks have repeatedly shown correlations between confidence and the characteristics of motor responses. Here, we show the results of two experiments in which we manipulated the type of motor response that precedes confidence rating. Participants decided which box, left or right, contained more dots and then reported their confidence in this decision. In Experiment 1, prior to confidence rating, participants were required to follow a motor cue. Cued-response type was manipulated in two dimensions: task-compatibility (the relation between response set and task-relevant decision alternatives), and stimulus-congruence (spatial correspondence between response key and the location of the stimulus that should be chosen). In Experiment 2, a decision-related response set was randomly varied in each trial, being either vertical (task incompatible) or horizontal (task-compatible, spatially congruent and incongruent). The main results showed that choice confidence increased following task-compatible responses, i.e. responses related to the alternatives of the choice in which confidence was reported. Moreover, confidence was higher in these conditions, independently of response accuracy and spatial congruence with the ‘correct’ stimuli. We interpret these results as suggesting that action appropriate in the context of a given task is an indicator of successful completion of the decision-related process. Such an action, even a spurious one, inflates decisional confidence.

scholarly journals The effects of organizational based self esteem and task specific self esteem on employee commitment

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-296
Author(s):  
SeungGeun Baeck ◽  
KangHyun Shin ◽  
JungSun Won ◽  
JungYeon Jo ◽  
JongHyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Task

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of two self-esteem (organization-based self-esteem: OBSE; task-specific self-esteem: TSSE) in predicting two types of employee commitment (job involvement, organizational commitment) based on the framework of Lavelle, McMahan and Harris(2009)’s target similarity model. A sample of 746 south korean employees were participated in this study and data were analyzed by MPLUS 6.12. The main results are as follows. First, the indirect effects reflecting target similarity effect were supported, but another indirect effects which reflect spillover effect between two dimensions was not. Second, the result of comparison between target similarity effect and spillover effect, which has same predictor and criterion but different mediator in each dimensions, was significant in organization domain, but not in job domain. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.

Innovation in the Arts

2019 ◽  
pp. 333-352
Author(s):  
Susan Kerrigan
Keyword(s):  
Creative Process ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Collaborative Activities ◽  
And Task

The filmmaking creative process is staged and task specific, and the success of a film is dependent on filmmaker’s working collaboratively and creatively, in small and large teams, to complete discrete tasks that are frequently iterative and recursive. These tasks are enabled and constrained by situational variables including financial, logistical, technological, aesthetic, and editorial, and the successful completion of the filmmaking tasks is dependent on a filmmaker’s creativity. This practice-led research presents an innovative methodological case study that captures the creative and collaborative activities of a documentary filmmaker and illustrates how filmmakers collaborate with other filmmakers and the community to create a film. Four collaborative principles are identified that describe how filmmakers achieve their goals; the principles reflect group approaches to creative filmmaking practices and, more broadly, the collective nature of arts practice.

A Task Contingent Model of Medical Practice Organization

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Sicotte ◽  
Raynald Pineault ◽  
Jean Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Continuous Care ◽  
Practice Organization ◽  
Task Uncertainty ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
Task Variability ◽  
And Task

The treatment of acute episodes of morbidities in hospitalized patients is a complex and uncertain task. To accomplish this task, physicians organize themselves into teams in an effort to overcome two constraints: The necessity to offer both complete care and continuous care. This study examines the extent to which the nature and size of medical teams is explained by task difficulty and task variability, which are two dimensions of task uncertainty. The results support globally the hypothesis that the organization of medical practice is contingent upon the nature of the task defined in terms of uncertainty. However, the results also suggest that the task contingent model should be adjusted to take into account the fact that formal organizational characteristics may have an a priori influence on team structure.

Functions of oral monologic tasks: Effects of topic familiarity on L2 speaking performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 745-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuyan Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Topic Familiarity ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Stimulated Recall ◽  
Content Familiarity ◽  
Speaking Performance ◽  
Task Types ◽  
And Task

Tasks with different design factors may dissimilarly affect oral production, and thus can be adopted for different pedagogical purposes. However, the functions of task types are not fully explored. To address this gap, this study investigates the influence of content familiarity and task repetition on sixty English as a foreign language learners’ speaking performance, in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF). Participants twice performed four monologic tasks, and received stimulated recall interviews. The findings indicate that participants produced structurally more complex speech under familiar conditions, and increased their CAF in task repetition. Furthermore, content familiarity and task repetition may facilitate conceptualization. Task repetition may also direct participants’ attention towards lexical choices and grammatical encoding. Moreover, repeating unfamiliar topics effectively increased CAF. The findings suggest content familiarity and task repetition are two dimensions of topic familiarity, and that teachers might consider implementing task repetition when presenting unfamiliar topics to learners.

Therapeutic Interaction and the Management of Challenge during the Beginning Minutes of Sensory Integration Treatment

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Tickle-Degnen ◽  
Wendy Coster
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Therapeutic Interaction ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
Positive Support ◽  
And Task

In sensory integration treatment, the child and therapist manage challenging tasks in an interdependent process of action and response. This descriptive and relational study examined patterns of child-therapist action and interaction during the management of challenge in videotaped segments of the early minutes of treatment. Two dimensions emerged from these patterns: playfulness and task-orientation. Observer therapist judges perceived that a match between the task challenge and the child's ability was achieved when the child was working hard, showing initiative, and obviously enjoying the process. Simultaneously, the therapist was providing positive support, but not directly intervening to manipulate the child or the task. The validity of the measurement of challenge management is discussed.

scholarly journals You’d better decide first: overt and covert decisions improve metacognitive accuracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Siedlecka ◽  
Zuzanna Skóra ◽  
Borysław Paulewicz ◽  
Michał Wierzchoń
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Rating ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Overt Response ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Metacognitive Accuracy

AbstractHow can we assess the accuracy of our decisions? Recent theoretical and empirical work suggest that confidence in one’s decision is influenced by the characteristics of motor response in a preceding decisional task. In this paper we present experiment designed to test whether decision itself can also inform confidence and therefore increase its accuracy. We tested 143 participants who solved an anagram-solving task in one of 3 conditions: participants either rated their confidence immediately after responding to the anagram task (overt decision), rated their confidence immediately after making a decision but without overt response (covered decision), or rated their confidence before both deciding and responding. The results showed significant relationship between decision accuracy and confidence level in each condition, however this relation was stronger when confidence rating followed decision, either covert or overt. We argue that completing a decisionmaking process increases metacognitive accuracy.

Board diversity and firm efficiency: evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farman Ali ◽  
Man Wang ◽  
Khalil Jebran ◽  
Syed Tauseef Ali
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Board Diversity ◽  
Firm Efficiency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Task

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how multiple facets of board diversity influence technical efficiency (TE) and total factor productivity (TFP). Design/methodology/approach The authors measure board diversity in two dimensions: relation-related dimension (age and gender) and task-related dimension (tenure, education and expertise). The authors use a balanced panel data of 806 nonfinancial Chinese firms over the period 2009–2017. The authors use a two-stage approach for analysis. In the first stage, the authors use a non-parametric frontier approach to calculate the TE and factor productivity scores. In the second stage, the authors regressed these scores on board diversity attributes (relation-related diversity and task-related diversity). Findings By using tobit regression and two-step system GMM, the authors find that board diversity improves TE and TFP. The authors’ analyses illustrate that a higher diversity on corporate board (in terms of age, gender, tenure, education and expertise) positively influence firm efficiency. Practical implications The findings have important implications for policymakers. The findings suggest that regulators should devise policies to encourage board diversity. Because a diverse board can bring knowledge, skills, abilities, expertise and experience of diverse group members, which will ultimately enhance a firm’s efficiency. Especially, in the emerging markets (such as China), there is still a need for standard governance mechanisms; therefore, the authors suggest that policymakers should develop regulations and promote diversity of directors as one of the factors for improving the governance mechanisms, which will ultimately improve firms productivity. Originality/value Prior studies mostly considered only one dimension (such as gender) of diversity and, therefore, have overlooked how other dimensions influence firms. The authors consider several dimensions of diversity and quantify them into relation-related (age and gender) and task-related (tenure, education and expertise) attributes and show how they influence firms’ efficiency. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively investigate how several facets of diversity influence a firm’s TE and TFP.

APPLYING THEORIES OF INSTITUTIONAL HELPING TO INFORMAL VOLUNTEERING: MOTIVES, ROLE IDENTITY, AND PROSOCIAL PERSONALITY

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia A. Finkelstein ◽  
Michael T. Brannick
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Formal Volunteering ◽  
Informal Volunteering ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
Role Identity Theory ◽  
And Task

Dispositional variables from a volunteer model were shown to apply to informal volunteering. The model integrates two theories of the volunteer process: functional analysis and role identity theory. Undergraduates, (N = 139), completed an informal volunteer inventory, and measures of motives, role identity, and prosocial personality. Two dimensions of informal volunteering: people-oriented and task-oriented were revealed. Both correlated with motives for helping and role identity. The personality dimension of Helpfulness was associated with both Informal Volunteering – People (IVP) and Informal Volunteering – Task (IVT), while Other-oriented Empathy correlated only with IVP. This study is the first to demonstrate the applicability of a model of formal volunteering to ongoing informal helping. Variables heretofore conceptualized as describing individuals within organizations, are seen as equally important in initiating and sustaining informal helping.

scholarly journals Confidence as a Priority Signal

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1084-1096
Author(s):  
David Aguilar-Lleyda ◽  
Maxime Lemarchand ◽  
Vincent de Gardelle
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Mental Calculation ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
A Priority

When dealing with multiple tasks, we must establish the order in which to tackle them. In multiple experiments, including a preregistered replication ( Ns = 16–105), we found that confidence, or the subjective accuracy of decisions, acts as a priority signal, both when ordering responses about tasks already completed or ordering tasks yet to be completed. Specifically, when participants categorized perceptual stimuli along two dimensions, they tended to first give the decision associated with higher confidence. When participants selected which of two tasks they wanted to perform first, they were slightly biased toward the task associated with higher confidence. This finding extends to nonperceptual decisions (mental calculation) and cannot be reduced to effects of task difficulty, response accuracy, response availability, or implicit demands. Our results thus support the role of confidence as a priority signal, thereby suggesting a new way in which it may regulate human behavior.

When Things Go Right in Disasters

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Arvind Gudi ◽  
Weidong Xia ◽  
Irma Becerra-Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Knowledge Integration ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Emergency Managers ◽  
Emergency Operations Center ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
And Task

Since emergency management tasks are complex and knowledge intensive, task performance is dependent on the dynamic interplays among task characteristics, the type of knowledge involved and the ways in which such knowledge is effectively integrated. Based on literature reviews, extensive field observations and a survey of emergency managers involved in a large emergency operations center (EOC) in the southeast region of the US, the authors test a set of research hypotheses that depict the moderating role of knowledge specificity on the relationship between task complexity and task performance, and between knowledge integration and task performance. The authors conceptualize two dimensions of task complexity: components and interactive complexity. Two types of specific knowledge, discipline-specific and context-specific knowledge, are measured. The results indicate that the two task complexity dimensions negatively affect task performance, knowledge integration positively affects task performance, and these relationships are moderated by the type of specific knowledge that is used.

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