scholarly journals Seeing Nemo: molecular evolution of ultraviolet visual opsins and spectral tuning of photoreceptors in anemonefishes (Amphiprioninae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Mitchell ◽  
Karen L. Cheney ◽  
Wen-Sung Chung ◽  
N. Justin Marshall ◽  
Kyle Michie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Adult Retina ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Uv Vision

ABSTRACTMany animals can see ultraviolet (UV) light (shorter than 400 nm) undetectable to human vision. UV vision may have functional importance in many taxa including for foraging and communication in birds, reptiles, insects and teleost fishes. Shallow coral reefs transmit a broad spectrum of light and are rich in UV; driving the evolution of diverse spectral sensitivities in teleost reef fishes, including UV-sensitivity. However, the identities and sites of the specific visual genes that underly vision in reef fishes remain elusive and are useful in determining how molecular evolution has tuned vision to meet the ecological demands of life on the reef. We investigated the visual systems of eleven anemonefish (Amphiprioninae) species, specifically probing for the molecular pathways that facilitate UV-sensitivity. Searching the genomes of anemonefishes, we identified a total of seven functional visual genes from all five vertebrate opsin gene subfamilies. We found rare instances of UV-sensitive SWS1 opsin gene duplications, that produced two functional paralogs (SWS1α and SWS1β) and a pseudogene. We also found separate RH2A opsin gene duplicates not yet reported in the family Pomacentridae. Finally, we report on both qualitative and quantitative aspects of opsin gene expression found in the adult retina of the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris), and their photoreceptor spectral sensitivities measured using microspectrophotometry.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet-sensitive vision in long-lived birds

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1702) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia S. Carvalho ◽  
Ben Knott ◽  
Mathew L. Berg ◽  
Andrew T. D. Bennett ◽  
David M. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Lens Transparency ◽  
Avian Order

Long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light generates substantial damage, and in mammals, visual sensitivity to UV is restricted to short-lived diurnal rodents and certain marsupials. In humans, the cornea and lens absorb all UV-A and most of the terrestrial UV-B radiation, preventing the reactive and damaging shorter wavelengths from reaching the retina. This is not the case in certain species of long-lived diurnal birds, which possess UV-sensitive (UVS) visual pigments, maximally sensitive below 400 nm. The Order Psittaciformes contains some of the longest lived bird species, and the two species examined so far have been shown to possess UVS pigments. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of UVS pigments across long-lived parrots, macaws and cockatoos, and therefore assess whether they need to cope with the accumulated effects of exposure to UV-A and UV-B over a long period of time. Sequences from the SWS1 opsin gene revealed that all 14 species investigated possess a key substitution that has been shown to determine a UVS pigment. Furthermore, in vitro regeneration data, and lens transparency, corroborate the molecular findings of UV sensitivity. Our findings thus support the claim that the Psittaciformes are the only avian Order in which UVS pigments are ubiquitous, and indicate that these long-lived birds have UV sensitivity, despite the risks of photodamage.

scholarly journals UV wavelengths experienced during development affect larval newt visual sensitivity and predation efficiency

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 20150954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélissa Martin ◽  
Marc Théry ◽  
Gwendolen Rodgers ◽  
Delphine Goven ◽  
Stéphane Sourice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Testing Environment ◽  
Smooth Newt ◽  
Lissotriton Vulgaris ◽  
Predation Efficiency ◽  
Uv Vision

We experimentally investigated the influence of developmental plasticity of ultraviolet (UV) visual sensitivity on predation efficiency of the larval smooth newt, Lissotriton vulgaris . We quantified expression of SWS1 opsin gene (UV-sensitive protein of photoreceptor cells) in the retinas of individuals who had developed in the presence (UV+) or absence (UV−) of UV light (developmental treatments), and tested their predation efficiency under UV+ and UV− light (testing treatments). We found that both SWS1 opsin expression and predation efficiency were significantly reduced in the UV− developmental group. Larvae in the UV− testing environment displayed consistently lower predation efficiency regardless of their developmental treatment. These results prove for the first time, we believe, functional UV vision and developmental plasticity of UV sensitivity in an amphibian at the larval stage. They also demonstrate that UV wavelengths enhance predation efficiency and suggest that the magnitude of the behavioural response depends on retinal properties induced by the developmental lighting environment.

scholarly journals Ultraviolet vision in larval Neogonodactylus oerstedii

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa S. McDonald ◽  
Sitara Palecanda ◽  
Jonathan H. Cohen ◽  
Megan L. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Color Detection ◽  
Uv Vision ◽  
Ultraviolet Vision ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Spectral Channels

Stomatopod crustaceans have among the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom, with up to twelve different color detection channels. The capabilities of these unique eyes include photoreception of ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths (<400 nm). UV vision has been well characterized in adult stomatopods but has not been previously demonstrated in the comparatively simpler larval eye. Larval stomatopod eyes are developmentally distinct from their adult counterpart and have been described as lacking the visual pigment diversity and morphological specializations found in adult eyes. However, recent studies have provided evidence that larval stomatopod eyes are more complex than previously thought and warrant closer investigation. Using electroretinogram recordings in live animals we found physiological evidence of blue and UV sensitive photoreceptors in larvae of the Caribbean stomatopod species Neogonodactylus oerstedii. Transcriptomes of individual larvae were used to identify the expression of three distinct UV opsins transcripts, which may indicate the presence of multiple UV spectral channels. This is the first paper to document UV vision in any larval stomatopod, expanding our understanding of the importance of UV sensitivity in plankton. Similar to adults, larval stomatopod eyes are more complex than expected and contain previously uncharacterized molecular diversity and physiological functions.

Review of crayfish color patterns in the Family Cambaridae (Astacoidea), with discussion of their possible importance

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4755 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-98
Author(s):  
GUENTER A. SCHUSTER
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Color Sensitivity ◽  
Distinct Color ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Crayfish Species

The use of color photographs in crayfish species descriptions, state faunal books and popular articles is relatively recent. Except for verbal color descriptions, color and color patterns have not often been explored by crayfish researchers. Carotenoids and carotenoproteins are responsible for much of the color found in the integument and exoskeleton of crayfishes and other crustaceans. Research has shown variation in color may be the result of the environment, diet, molt stage and age, genetics, or a combination of these. Crayfishes possess color vision, may use polarization vision, and have the possibility of fluorescent vision. They also have very good low light vision. Crayfishes have a multichromatic range in color sensitivity; it ranges from blue to red, with no UV sensitivity. Color vision may be an important factor in intraspecific and interspecific competition, territoriality, camouflage, sexual selection, and communication. A distinction is made between base or background colors displayed in crayfishes and their exhibited color patterns. While actual base or background colors may vary among individual crayfishes, a case is made that color patterns show much less intraspecific variation. Distinct color patterns are the result of highly contrasting colors on appendages or parts of appendages such as chelae, leg joints, tail fan, spines, and tubercles. Body regions like the carapace and abdomen may also have contrasting spots, bands or stripes. Color patterns may be useful in better understanding crayfish taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolutionary convergence, and examples are provided. 

scholarly journals An Optical Filter-Less CMOS Image Sensor with Differential Spectral Response Pixels for Simultaneous UV-Selective and Visible Imaging

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yhang Ricardo Sipauba Carvalho da Silva ◽  
Rihito Kuroda ◽  
Shigetoshi Sugawa
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Cmos Image Sensor ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Conversion Gain ◽  
Uv Sensitivity

This paper presents a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS) capable of capturing UV-selective and visible light images simultaneously by a single exposure and without employing optical filters, suitable for applications that require simultaneous UV and visible light imaging, or UV imaging in variable light environment. The developed CIS is composed by high and low UV sensitivity pixel types, arranged alternately in a checker pattern. Both pixel types were designed to have matching sensitivities for non-UV light. The UV-selective image is captured by extracting the differential spectral response between adjacent pixels, while the visible light image is captured simultaneously by the low UV sensitivity pixels. Also, to achieve high conversion gain and wide dynamic range simultaneously, the lateral overflow integration capacitor (LOFIC) technology was introduced in both pixel types. The developed CIS has a pixel pitch of 5.6 µm and exhibits 172 µV/e− conversion gain, 131 ke− full well capacity (FWC), and 92.3 dB dynamic range. The spectral sensitivity ranges of the high and low UV sensitivity pixels are of 200–750 nm and 390–750 nm, respectively. The resulting sensitivity range after the differential spectral response extraction is of 200–480 nm. This paper presents details regarding the CIS pixels structures, doping profiles, device simulations, and the measurement results for photoelectric response and spectral sensitivity for both pixel types. Also, sample images of UV-selective and visible spectral imaging using the developed CIS are presented.

scholarly journals Moths and Butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest near Lac La Biche, Alberta, Including New Provincial Records

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg R. Pohl ◽  
David W. Langor ◽  
Jean-François Landry ◽  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Record ◽  
New Records ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
First Record ◽  
Species List ◽  
The Family ◽  
Boreal Mixedwood Forest

Lepidoptera were collected, primarily via UV light trap, for three seasons in the boreal mixedwood forest near Lac La Biche, Alberta. A total of 11,111 specimens were collected, representing 41 families and 438 species. A species list with flight times is presented. The total Lepidoptera community was estimated to be 546 ± 23.34 species. Abundance and species richness peaked in late July. Thirty-five species constitute new records for Alberta, while one species, Acanthopteroctetes bimaculata, is a new record for Canada, and the first record of the family Acanthopteroctetidae in Canada.

The Detection of Near-Ultraviolet Light by Nonmigratory and Migratory Birds

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Parrish ◽  
James A. Ptacek ◽  
Kevin L. Will
Keyword(s):  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Uv Spectrum ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Ultraviolet Reflectance ◽  
Uv Reflectance ◽  
Uv Vision ◽  
First Time

Abstract Near-ultraviolet (UV) light reception was demonstrated for the first time in three species of nonmigratory emberizid and passerid birds. Behavioral data also established that eight additional alcedinid and emberizid birds can detect near-UV wavelengths. The finding that these more recently evolved species can see near-UV light implies that near-UV vision is probably an important visual capability in most, if not all, diurnal birds. Although the utility of near-UV reception for birds remains equivocal, the fact that nonmigratory as well as migratory birds can perceive UV suggests that birds may be able to utilize the UV spectrum for homing, orientation, and navigation, as do the UV-sensitive arthropods. It also can be inferred that UV vision may be especially useful to insectivorous birds for the detection of UV reflectance patterns, which many otherwise cryptic arthropods possess for mate recognition. Ultraviolet reflectance patterns also may be useful to frugivorous and nectarivorous birds for the detection of food items.

Rapid evolutionary divergences in reef fishes of the family Acanthuridae (Perciformes: Teleostei)

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendall D. Clements ◽  
Russell D. Gray ◽  
J. Howard Choat
Keyword(s):  
Reef Fishes ◽  
The Family

scholarly journals Molecular evolution and expression of oxygen transport genes in livebearing fishes (Poeciliidae) from hydrogen sulfide rich springs

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Barts ◽  
Ryan Greenway ◽  
Courtney N. Passow ◽  
Lenin Arias-Rodriguez ◽  
Joanna L. Kelley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Transport Proteins ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Oxygen Binding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Signatures Of Selection ◽  
Evolution Of Oxygen

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a natural toxicant in some aquatic environments that has diverse molecular targets. It binds to oxygen transport proteins, rendering them non-functional by reducing oxygen-binding affinity. Hence, organisms permanently inhabiting H2S-rich environments are predicted to exhibit adaptive modifications to compensate for the reduced capacity to transport oxygen. We investigated 10 lineages of fish of the family Poeciliidae that have colonized freshwater springs rich in H2S—along with related lineages from non-sulfidic environments—to test hypotheses about the expression and evolution of oxygen transport genes in a phylogenetic context. We predicted shifts in the expression of and signatures of positive selection on oxygen transport genes upon colonization of H2S-rich habitats. Our analyses indicated significant shifts in gene expression for multiple hemoglobin genes in lineages that have colonized H2S-rich environments, and three hemoglobin genes exhibited relaxed selection in sulfidic compared to non-sulfidic lineages. However, neither changes in gene expression nor signatures of selection were consistent among all lineages in H2S-rich environments. Oxygen transport genes may consequently be predictable targets of selection during adaptation to sulfidic environments, but changes in gene expression and molecular evolution of oxygen transport genes in H2S-rich environments are not necessarily repeatable across replicated lineages.

scholarly journals Radiation-sensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 725-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Jenkins ◽  
G R Harlow ◽  
Z Liu ◽  
M A Shotwell ◽  
J Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Complementation Group ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Molecular Defects ◽  
Uv Sensitivity

Abstract Five Arabidopsis mutants have been isolated on the basis of hypersensitivity of leaf tissue to UV light. For each mutant, the UV-hypersensitive phenotype (uvh) was inherited as a single recessive Mendelian trait. In addition, each uvh mutant represented a separate complementation group. Three of the mutations producing the UV hypersensitive phenotype have been mapped relative to either genetic markers or physical microsatellite polymorphisms. Locus UVH1 is linked to nga76 on chromosome 5, UVH3 to GL1 on chromosome three, and UVH6 to nga59 on chromosome 1. Each uvh mutant has a characteristic pattern of sensitivity based on UV sensitivity of leaf tissue, UV sensitivity of root tissue, and ionizing radiation sensitivity of seeds. On the basis of these patterns, possible molecular defects in these mutants are discussed.

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