scholarly journals Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Amniotic Testosterone and Estradiol: An Attempted Replication of Lutchmaya et al. (2004)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Richards ◽  
Wendy V. Browne ◽  
Mihaela Constantinescu
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digit Length ◽  
Attempted Replication

AbstractThe ratio of length between the second (index) and fourth (ring) fingers (digit ratio or 2D:4D) is frequently employed as a retrospective marker of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Lutchmaya et al. (2004) reported that the ratio of testosterone (T) to estradiol (E) present in second trimester amniotic fluid was negatively correlated with digit ratios for the right hand (but not the left hand) in a sample of 29 children at 2-year follow-up. This observation is frequently cited as evidence for the measure’s validity but has not been replicated. We therefore present the findings of another study of amniotic T and E that did not find evidence for these effects at 4½-year follow-up. The confidence intervals were large, the direction of correlations observed was generally erratic, and the overall findings therefore question the premise that second trimester sex hormones affect the development of digit length ratios in humans.

scholarly journals Digit ratio (2D:4D) and amniotic testosterone and estradiol: an attempted replication of Lutchmaya et al. (2004)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gareth Richards ◽  
Wendy V. Browne ◽  
Mihaela Constantinescu
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Digit Length ◽  
Attempted Replication

Abstract The ratio of length between the second (index) and fourth (ring) fingers (digit ratio or 2D:4D) is frequently employed as a retrospective marker of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Lutchmaya et al. (2004) reported that the ratio of testosterone (T) to estradiol (E) present in second-trimester amniotic fluid was negatively correlated with digit ratios for the right hand (but not the left hand) in a sample of 29 children at 2-year follow-up. This observation is frequently cited as evidence for the measure’s validity but has not been replicated. We therefore present the findings of another study of amniotic T and E that did not find evidence for these effects at 4½-year follow-up. The confidence intervals were large, the direction of correlations observed was generally erratic, and the overall findings question the premise that second-trimester sex hormones affect the development of digit length ratios in humans.

scholarly journals Testosterone measured from amniotic fluid and maternal plasma shows no significant association with directional asymmetry in newborn digit ratio (2D:4D)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Richards ◽  
M. Gomes ◽  
T. Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Relative Length ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Left Hand

AbstractFoetal sex hormones can have powerful and far-reaching effects on later phenotype. However, obtaining accurate measurements is difficult for ethical reasons, and researchers often employ proxy variables to examine their effects. The relative length of the second and fourth fingers (digit ratio or 2D:4D) is frequently used for this purpose, as it is hypothesized to index variance in prenatal androgen and oestrogen exposure. Most studies employing this method examine digit ratio for the right hand (R2D:4D) and/or left hand (L2D:4D), though the mean value (M2D:4D) (i.e., the average of R2D:4D and L2D:4D) and directional asymmetry (D[R–L]) (i.e., R2D:4D minus L2D:4D) are also commonly used. As no published studies have examined M2D:4D or D[R-L] in relation to testosterone measured from amniotic fluid, we conducted a secondary analysis of data published by Ventura et al. The sample comprises 106 mothers from Portugal who underwent amniocentesis during the second trimester and their neonates. Newborn M2D:4D was negatively correlated with amniotic testosterone in females (P<0.05) but not in males; no significant association was observed between amniotic testosterone and D[R–L] in either sex. In addition, we examined testosterone measured from maternal circulation during the second trimester, and found that it was not a significant predictor of M2D:4D or D[R–L] in male or female infants. Further research should aim to measure the ratio of testosterone to oestradiol present in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma, to examine whether either is a predictor of digit ratio variables at different stages of postnatal development.

scholarly journals Digit ratio (2D:4D) and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Richards ◽  
Wendy V. Browne ◽  
Ezra Aydin ◽  
Mihaela Constantinescu ◽  
Gideon Nave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Adrenal Androgen ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe ratio of length between the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) is commonly used as an indicator of prenatal sex hormone exposure. Several approaches have been used to try to validate the measure, including examining 2D:4D in people with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a suite of conditions characterised by elevated adrenal androgen production secondary to defective steroidogenesis. We present here a systematic review that examines the relationship between these two variables. Twelve articles relating to nine CAH cohorts were identified, and 2D:4D comparisons have been made between cases and controls in eight of these cohorts. Altogether, at least one 2D:4D variable has been compared between n=251 females with CAH and n=358 unaffected females, and between n=108 males with CAH and n=204 unaffected males. A previous meta-analysis (Hönekopp & Watson, 2010) reported lower right hand (R2D:4D) and left hand (L2D:4D) digit ratios in patients with CAH relative to sex-matched controls. Our meta-analysis showed the same direction of results; however, the effects were only statistically significant for R2D:4D in males and L2D:4D in females (R2D:4D: females, p = 0.072, g = 0.591; males, p = 0.019, g = 0.513; L2D:4D: females, p = 0.020, g = 0.245; males, p = 0.334, g = 0.218), and the average effect size had reduced by 46.70%. We also found no evidence to suggest the right-left difference in 2D:4D (D[R-L]) is associated with prenatal sex hormone exposure.

“Craniotomy Within Craniotomy” Technique for Safe Resection of an Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation With Frontal Bony Erosion: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
MirHojjat Khorasanizadeh ◽  
Kristine Ravina ◽  
Aristotelis Filippidis ◽  
Christopher S Ogilvy
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Endovascular Embolization ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Bone Flap ◽  
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation ◽  
Excessive Bleeding ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Venous Varix

Abstract Surgical resection is one option in the treatment of large high-grade brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Resection of AVMs with skull-eroding components can be challenging due to the risk of excessive bleeding from these components during craniotomy and bone flap removal. We present a case of a 25-yr-old woman who presented with an acute onset right-sided frontal headache. She was found to have a large, frontal Spetzler-Martin grade IV AVM with an associated dural AVM. The AVM had caused focal erosions of the right frontal bone by a venous varix traversing the region of the calvarial defect. An elective staged endovascular embolization followed by surgical resection was recommended considering the patient's young age and the large size of the AVM located in a noneloquent area. Given the high risk of intraoperative hemorrhage during the craniotomy portion of the procedure, a “craniotomy within craniotomy” approach was planned. During this approach, a small rectangle of bone, including the portion eroded by the venous varix, was left in place, while the larger bone flap surrounding it was removed for an initial approach to the AVM. The small bony piece was safely removed at later stages of resection once the arterial feeders had been reasonably obliterated. Immediate postoperative catheter angiogram demonstrated good filling of the intracranial vascular territories with no residual AVM. The patient developed mild left facial and left hand weakness postoperatively, which resolved after 2 wk of follow-up. The patient remained neurologically intact on further follow-up.

EVIDENCE FOR ASSORTATIVE MATING ON DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D), A BIOMARKER FOR PRENATAL ANDROGEN EXPOSURE

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN VORACEK ◽  
STEFAN G. DRESSLER ◽  
JOHN T. MANNING
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Androgen Exposure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Prenatal Androgen ◽  
Spousal Similarity

SummaryThe second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) presents an anatomical sex difference in humans. On average, men tend to have lower 2D:4D compared with women. There is fairly strong evidence for a role of the 2D:4D ratio as a biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal testosterone on the brain and behaviour. Recently, an accumulating research programme has shown 2D:4D to be related to a multitude of sex-dependent, hormonally influenced biosocial traits and phenotypes which reach into the domains of ability, behaviour, fertility, health, personality and sexuality. This study investigated the degree of assortative mating (spousal similarity) in a sample of 239 native Austrian couples of parental or grandparental age, all of them having reproduced. Results included: (i) significant spousal correlations of +0·19 and +0·18 for right-hand and left-hand 2D:4D, respectively, and +0·24 for average 2D:4D; (ii) no assortative mating effect on the right-minus-left difference in 2D:4D; (iii) indications consistent with a possible generational decrease of spousal similarity in 2D:4D; (iv) a prevalence of couples with a lower right-hand 2D:4D observed in the husband compared with his wife; and (v) relations of spousal 2D:4D patterns to spousal age differences, such that matings of men with more male-typical trait expressions (namely, a generally low right-hand 2D:4D or showing a lower right-minus-left 2D:4D difference than their wives) implicated larger male-minus-female age differences, i.e. younger wives. It is argued that assortative mating on 2D:4D operates indirectly and may be mediated through the assortment on other, more perceptible, physical traits and psychological phenotypes that entertain associations with 2D:4D and are relevant for courtship and mate choice.

scholarly journals Digit ratio (2D : 4D) and prosocial behaviour in economic games: no direct correlation with generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 20190185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Brañas-Garza ◽  
Antonio M. Espín ◽  
Teresa García-Muñoz ◽  
Jaromír Kovářík
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Hormone Exposure ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Social Behaviours

Prenatal exposure to sex hormones exerts organizational effects on the brain which have observable behavioural correlates in adult life. There are reasons to expect that social behaviours—fundamental for the evolutionary success of humans—might be related to biological factors such as prenatal sex hormone exposure. Nevertheless, the existing literature is inconclusive as to whether and how prenatal exposure to testosterone and oestrogen, proxied by the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D : 4D), may predict non-selfish behaviour. Here, we investigate this question using economic experiments with real monetary stakes and analyse five different dimensions of social behaviour in a comparatively large sample of Caucasian participants ( n = 560). For both males and females, our results show no robust association between right- or left-hand 2D : 4D and generosity, bargaining or trust-related behaviours. Moreover, no differences in behaviour were found according to sex. We conclude that there is no direct correlation between 2D : 4D and these social behaviours.

scholarly journals Bilateral Multiple Metacarpal Head Avascular Necrosis: A Case Report

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 473-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wengang Li ◽  
Biao Liu ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Haoyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metacarpal Head ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Satisfactory Clinical Result ◽  
Slight Limitation ◽  
The Right

Avascular necrosis of the metacarpal head is a rare disease. We herein report a case with varying degrees of lesions in the third and fourth metacarpal heads of the right hand and the third metacarpal head of the left hand. The patient was a 37-year-old male right-handed mechanical worker who presented with persistent dull pain in the right hand after labor work for more than a year. The 3 lesions in this patient were treated differently based on their clinical imaging manifestations. The neurologic function of the right hand recovered by the 18-month follow-up; only a slight limitation remained in the right middle finger. This is the first report of 1 patent who received 2 different treatment methods simultaneously and both provided a satisfactory clinical result.

Detailed Sonographic Anatomy of Dorsal Hand Augmentation With Hyaluronic Acid and Calcium Hydroxyapatite Fillers

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 1096-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Seo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Calcium Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Stratum Corneum Hydration ◽  
Dorsal Hand ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Grading Scale ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Volume restoration using filler in the dorsum of the hand is a simple and effective procedure to improve wrinkles and hide veins and tendons. Currently, calcium-hydroxyapatite (CaHA) filler is the only FDA-accepted material to use in the hand dorsum. However, it is not easy to inject due to swelling and redness. In addition, hand anatomy through sonography is wrongly described in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery® Journal. Through incorrect marking in sonographic hand anatomy, physicians will conduct erroneous procedures and surgeries. Objectives CaHA filler and hyaluronic acid (HA) filler were both injected into the hand to compare intra-individually the effect of each filler. Through this study, the author introduced detailed and refined sonographic anatomy. Overall, the author identified the correct injection method and depth. Methods In this prospective, intra-individual, comparative study, patients were injected 1 cc of CaHA filler to the left hand and 3 cc (36 mg) of microphasic hyaluronic acid to the right. Outcomes were assessed by Merz hand grading scale, skin bio-parameters, dermascopic finding, and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) with follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Results The average GAIS score improved in both hands and generally maintained over the course of the study. There was significantly more bruising and swelling in the CaHA-injected hands compared with the HA-injected hands. The skin roughness and appearance improved in both sets of hands on dermascope. The average Trans-Epidermal-Water-Loss decreased and the average Stratum Corneum Hydration increased in HA-injected hands. The biopsy study showed that the HA particles lasted for 9 months. Conclusions The author reestablished sonographic anatomy. Veins and tendons became less apparent after injections. Level of Evidence: 2

Sex Differences in Directional Asymmetry of Digit Length and its Effects on Sex Differences in Digit Ratio (2D:4D)

2008 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 576-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Denise Offenmüller ◽  
Stefan G. Dressler
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Directional Asymmetry ◽  
Leftward Bias ◽  
First Finding ◽  
The Right ◽  
Putative Marker ◽  
Prenatal Androgen ◽  
Digit Length

Patterns of directional asymmetry in the length of index and ring finger (2D and 4D) may be sexually differentiated. Martin, Puts, and Breedlove (2008) found leftward bias, i.e., both a longer 2D and 4D in the left than in the right hand, more frequently in men, whereas rightward bias occurred more frequently in women. Further, rightward vs leftward bias seemed a substantial source of variation in digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative marker for prenatal androgen levels. Given the generally small effects, unreplicable results, and inconsistent findings of 2D:4D research, these findings potentially are important as the type of directional digit asymmetry could moderate or obfuscate real associations between 2D:4D and target traits. Based on six samples totaling about 3,000 individuals, the present study replicated the first finding of Martin, Puts, and Breedlove (2008): leftward bias was more frequent among men and rightward bias more frequent among women. This sex effect was small. However, the present study did not replicate the second finding of Martin, et al. (2008): relative to participants' sex the contributions of leftward vs rightward asymmetry to individual variation in 2D:4D were smaller by orders of magnitude and not significant. Implications of these findings for 2D:4D research arc discussed.

scholarly journals Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis during Treatment with Anti-TNF-Alpha Monotherapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Ursini ◽  
Emilio Russo ◽  
Christian Leporini ◽  
Marilena Calabria ◽  
Caterina Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Nodular Lesions ◽  
Appropriate Therapy ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Sporotrichosis is an infectious disease caused bySporothrix schenckii, a dimorphic fungus isolated for the first time in 1896 by Benjamin Schenck from a 36-year-old male patient presenting lesions on the right hand and arm. The infection generally occurs by traumatic inoculation of soil, plants, and organic matter contaminated with the fungus. Different clinical syndromes are described as a direct consequence ofS. schenckiiinfection, including lymphocutaneous and disseminated forms, although extracutaneous presentations are reported most frequently in AIDS patients. Here we describe the case of a 57-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed in 2004 with ankylosing spondylitis under stable treatment with adalimumab monotherapy (40 mg every other week). During a routine follow-up visit in March 2013, he presented with multiple nodular lesions arranged in a linear fashion along the left hand and forearm. After diagnostic aspiration of the lesions, lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was diagnosed and appropriate therapy started.

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