scholarly journals Host-mediated, cross-generational intraspecific competition in a multivoltine herbivore species

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien Castagneyrol ◽  
Inge van Halder ◽  
Yasmine Kadiri ◽  
Laura Schillé ◽  
Hervé Jactel
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Buxus Sempervirens

Conspecific insect herbivores co-occurring on the same host plant interact both directly through interference competition and indirectly through exploitative competition, plant-mediated interactions and enemy-mediated interactions. However, the situation is less clear when the interactions between conspecific insect herbivores are separated in time within the same growing season, as it is the case for multivoltine species. We hypothesized that early season herbivory would result in reduced egg laying and reduced performance of the next generation of herbivore on previously attacked plants. We tested this hypothesis in a choice experiment with box tree moth females, Cydalima perspectalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to which box trees, Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae), were proposed that had or had not been previously defoliated by BTM larvae earlier in the season. We then compared the performance of the next generation larvae on previously damaged vs undamaged plants. Previous herbivory had no effect on oviposition behaviour, but the weight of next generation larvae was significantly lower in previously damaged plants. There was a negative correlation between the number of egg clutches per plant and larval performance. Overall, our findings reveal that early season herbivory reduces the performance of conspecific individuals on the same host plant later in the growing season, and that this time-lagged intraspecific competition results from a mismatch between the oviposition preference of females and the performance of their offspring.

Freedom to move: Arctic caterpillar (Lepidoptera) growth rate increases with access to new willows (Salicaceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Greyson-Gaito ◽  
Matthew A. Barbour ◽  
Mariano A. Rodriguez-Cabal ◽  
Gregory M. Crutsinger ◽  
Gregory H.R. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Common Behaviour ◽  
Gynaephora Groenlandica

AbstractMovement between host plants during the growing season is a common behaviour among insect herbivores, although the mechanisms promoting these movements are poorly understood for many systems. Two possible reasons why insect herbivores relocate include compensating for host plant quantity and/or quality changes and the avoidance of natural enemies. The Arctic caterpillar (Gynaephora groenlandica (Wocke); Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) moves several metres each day, feeds on its patchily distributed host plant, Arctic willow (Salix arctica Pallas; Salicaceae), and has two main natural enemies, the parasitoids Exorista thula Wood (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Hyposoter diechmanni (Nielsen) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). We physically moved caterpillars between Arctic willows and restricted other caterpillar individuals each to a single willow throughout the active period of Arctic caterpillars. We found that growth rate, herbivory rate, and the proportion of available leaf fascicles eaten were higher for experimentally moved caterpillars. Parasitoid abundances were low and did not differ between experimentally moved and stationary caterpillars. Taken together, our study addresses the bottom–up and top–down controls on insect herbivore movement during the short duration of the growing season in the Arctic. Our results suggest that caterpillars are likely moving to new willow shrubs to access high quality resources.

scholarly journals Relationship between Relative Maturity and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids in Northwest New Mexico for the 2003–2019 Period

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Curtis Owen ◽  
Margaret M. West ◽  
Samuel Allen ◽  
Komlan Koudahe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Climate Conditions

The highly variable weather under changing climate conditions affects the establishment and the cutoff of crop growing season and exposes crops to failure if producers choose non-adapted relative maturity that matches the characteristics of the crop growing season. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maize hybrid relative maturity and the grain yield and determine the relative maturity range that will sustain maize production in northwest New Mexico (NM). Different relative maturity maize hybrids were grown at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington ((Latitude 36.69° North, Longitude 108.31° West, elevation 1720 m) from 2003 to 2019 under sprinkler irrigation. A total of 343 hybrids were grouped as early and full season hybrids according to their relative maturity that ranged from 93 to 119 and 64 hybrids with unknown relative maturity. The crops were grown under optimal management condition with no stress of any kind. The results showed non-significant increase in grain yield in early season hybrids and non-significant decrease in grain yield with relative maturity in full season hybrids. The relative maturity range of 100–110 obtained reasonable high grain yields and could be considered under the northwestern New Mexico climatic conditions. However, more research should target the evaluation of different planting date coupled with plant population density to determine the planting window for the early season and full season hybrids for the production optimization and sustainability.

scholarly journals Grape variety affects larval performance and also female reproductive performance of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Moreau ◽  
B. Benrey ◽  
D. Thiéry
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Lobesia Botrana ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
European Grapevine Moth ◽  
Wild Grape ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
Fitness Index ◽  
Grapevine Moth

AbstractFor insect herbivores, the quality of the larval host plant is a key determinant of fitness. Therefore, insect populations are supposed to be positively correlated with the nutritional quality of their host plant. This study aimed to determine if and how different varieties of grapes (including the wild grape Lambrusque) affect both larval and adult performance of the polyphagous European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller). Significant differences were found in larval development time, but not in pupal mass, adult emergence rate, or sex ratio. Although the fecundity of females is not different among varieties, females fed on some varieties produced eggs of different sizes which are correlated to their fertility. Thus, females adapt resource allocation to eggs depending on their diet as larvae. Using a fitness index, the average reproductive output was found to be highest for females reared on cv. Chardonnay. Females reared on wild grape produced a fitness index identical to the cultivated grapes. However, Lambrusque and Gewurztraminer separate themselves from the cultivated varieties according to our discriminant analyses. It is emphasized, through this study, that cultivars fed on by larvae should be considered in the population dynamics of L. botrana and that egg number is insufficient to determine host plant quality.

scholarly journals Tri-trophic level interactions affect host plant development and abundance of insect herbivores

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico de Siqueira Neves ◽  
Marcílio Fagundes ◽  
Carlos Frankl Sperber ◽  
G. Wilson Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Insect Herbivores

A study of the olfactory responses of insect parasites to the food plant of their host

Parasitology ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Thorpe ◽  
H. B. Caudle
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plant ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Olfactory Responses ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Insect Parasites

1. Pimpla ruficollis is a parasite of the pine shoot moth Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana Schiff. (Eucosmidae) which emerges from its host a considerable time before the next generation of larvae are ready for oviposition. It seems that during this period the parasites leave the pine trees and feed on the flowers of certain Umbelliferae and probably other plants. Only after 3 or 4 weeks do they return to the pine trees where the shoots now contain larvae ready for egg laying.2. It has been shown by means of olfactometer experiments that during this first period of the adult life, the parasites are repelled by the odour of oil of Pinus sylvestris. At this time the ovaries are very small and are probably not ready for the production of eggs. After the third or fourth week of life the females become attracted by the oil of P. sylvestris and the ovaries are now relatively large.3. Since Geraniol is known to be a constituent of certain conifers, this substance was also tested. It was, however, found to be invariably repellent to the parasites.4. There is some evidence that conclusions reached as a result of experiments with P. ruficollis also apply to the ophionine ichneumonid Eulimneria rufifemur.

scholarly journals Blueberry, Early Season Control of Cranberry Fruitworm and Cherry Fruitworm, 1996

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-53
Author(s):  
John C. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Cranberry Fruitworm ◽  
Research Complex

Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature blueberry bushes at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex in Douglas, MI at a rate of 50 GPA with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatment plots were arranged in a CRB design of two 44 ft long rows containing a total of 22 bushes, replicated 4 times. Funginex was applied separately to all treatments. Applications of materials were made on 10 Jun (1st egg laying, Bloom), 19 Jun (Petal Fall), 25 Jun (PF + 7 days), and 2 Jul (1C). Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 12 Jul by randomly picking 25 blueberry fruit clusters per replicate, or 100 clusters per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for CBFW and CFW injury.

scholarly journals Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Barringer ◽  
Claire M Ciafré
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
North American ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
Host Plant Use

Abstract The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) is an invasive insect spreading throughout southeast Asia and eastern North America. The rapid spread of this species is facilitated by the prevalence of its preferred host, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), as well as its use of many other host plants. While the spotted lanternfly has been previously reported to use over 65 plant species, most of these reports are from Asia and may not be applicable in North America. Additionally, many of the known hosts have not been specified as feeding hosts or as egg laying substrates. To better understand the potential impacts of this invasive insect on natural and cultivated systems in North America, we reviewed records from published and unpublished results and observations of host plant use by spotted lanternfly. We aggregated 172 host plant records worldwide and found feeding behaviors associated with 103 plant taxa across 33 families and 17 orders, 20 of which were not previously known to be associated with SLF and 15 of which were not confirmed as feeding hosts. North American records account for 56 of these taxa which include native, cultivated, and nonnative species. As a result, the spotted lanternfly has the potential to impact a wide assortment of ecosystems throughout its potential range and its North American distribution may not be limited by the presence of tree of heaven.

Influence of Host Plant Species and Fertilization Regime on Larval Performance and Feeding Preference of the Redbacked Cutworm and the Pale Western Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 731-741
Author(s):  
Ronald E Batallas ◽  
Maya L Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Larval Performance ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Redbacked Cutworm

Abstract The redbacked cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guenée), and the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia (Morrison), are generalist pests that cause sporadic economic damage to several annual crops in the Canadian Prairies. Early larval instars feed on foliage, whereas mature larvae eat into the stem and sever crop seedlings. Here, we evaluate the influence of annual crop species and host fertilization on the larval performance and feeding preference of both cutworm species. Performance is the ability of an insect to reach its maximum growth potential. The first set of experiments evaluated larval development and preference on canola (Brassica napus L. [Capparales: Brassicaeae]), field peas (Pisum sativa L. [Fabales: Fabaceae]), and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. [Cyperales: Poaceae]). The redbacked cutworm had higher performance on canola and peas, while the pale western cutworm had higher performance on wheat. In multiple-choice feeding experiments, the redbacked cutworm consumed more canola, whereas the pale western cutworm consumed more spring wheat. The third set of experiments evaluated larval development on fertilized and unfertilized seedlings of canola and spring wheat seedlings. When fed unfertilized seedlings, the redbacked cutworm had better performance on canola than spring wheat, whereas pale western cutworm had better performance on spring wheat than canola. Fertilizer application enhanced the performance of both cutworms regardless of the crop species. Despite their generalist feeding behavior, both cutworm species have a larval feeding preference for the host plant on which they achieve high performance. Canola-cereal cropping is a common crop rotation schedule in the region; however, this tactic will not negatively impact cutworm performance.

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