RecT recombinase expression enables efficient gene editing in Enterococcus
AbstractEnterococcus faecium is a ubiquitous Gram-positive bacterium that has been recovered from the environment, food and microbiota of mammals. Commensal strains of E. faecium can confer beneficial effects on host physiology and immunity, but antibiotic usage has afforded antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic isolates from livestock and humans. However, the dissection of E. faecium functions and mechanisms has been restricted by inefficient gene editing methods. To address these limitations, here we report the expression of E. faecium RecT recombinase significantly improves the efficiency of recombineering technologies in commensal strains of E. faecium and other Enterococcus species such as E. durans and E. hirae. Notably, we demonstrate that E. faecium RecT expression facilitated the chromosomal insertion of both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA templates encoding antibiotic selectable markers. Moreover, the expression of RecT in combination with clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 and guide RNAs (gRNAs) enabled highly efficient scar-less ssDNA recombineering to generate specific gene editing mutants in E. faecium. The RecT-mediated recombineering methods described here should significantly enhance genetic studies of E. faecium and other closely related species for functional and mechanistic studies.ImportanceEnterococcus faecium is widely recognized as an emerging public health threat with the rise of drug resistance and nosocomial infections. Nevertheless, commensal Enterococcus strains possess beneficial health functions in mammals to upregulate host immunity and prevent microbial infections. This functional dichotomy of Enterococcus species and strains highlights the need for in-depth studies to discover and characterize the genetic components underlining its diverse activities. However, genetic engineering in E. faecium still requires passive homologous recombination, which often requires cloning of multiple homologous fragments and screening. To alleviate these challenges, we discovered that RecT-recombinase enables more efficient integration of mutagenic DNA templates to generate insertions, deletions and substitutions of genomic DNA in E. faecium. These improved recombineering methods should facilitate functional and mechanistic studies of Enterococcus.