scholarly journals Dissociable influences of reward and punishment on adaptive cognitive control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiamin Leng ◽  
Debbie Yee ◽  
Harrison Ritz ◽  
Amitai Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Adaptive Allocation ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Motivational Salience ◽  
Task Goals ◽  
Reward And Punishment

When deciding how to allocate cognitive control to a given task, people must consider both positive outcomes (e.g., praise) and negative outcomes (e.g., admonishment). However, it is unclear how these two forms of incentives differentially influence the amount and type of cognitive control a person chooses to allocate to achieve task goals. To address this question, we had participants perform a self-paced incentivized cognitive control task, varying the magnitude of reward for a correct response and punishment for an incorrect response. Formalizing control allocation as a process of adjusting parameters of a drift diffusion model (DDM), we show that participants engaged in different strategies in response to reward (primarily adjusting drift rate) versus punishment (primarily adjusting response threshold). We demonstrate that this divergent set of strategies is optimal for maximizing reward rate while minimizing effort costs. Finally, we show that these dissociable patterns of behavior enable us to infer the motivational salience of positive versus negative incentives for a given individual. These results provide a normative and mechanistic account for how reward and punishment differentially influence the adaptive allocation of cognitive control.

scholarly journals Dissociable influences of reward and punishment on adaptive cognitive control

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009737
Author(s):  
Xiamin Leng ◽  
Debbie Yee ◽  
Harrison Ritz ◽  
Amitai Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Performance Incentives ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Potential Negative Consequence

To invest effort into any cognitive task, people must be sufficiently motivated. Whereas prior research has focused primarily on how the cognitive control required to complete these tasks is motivated by the potential rewards for success, it is also known that control investment can be equally motivated by the potential negative consequence for failure. Previous theoretical and experimental work has yet to examine how positive and negative incentives differentially influence the manner and intensity with which people allocate control. Here, we develop and test a normative model of control allocation under conditions of varying positive and negative performance incentives. Our model predicts, and our empirical findings confirm, that rewards for success and punishment for failure should differentially influence adjustments to the evidence accumulation rate versus response threshold, respectively. This dissociation further enabled us to infer how motivated a given person was by the consequences of success versus failure.

scholarly journals The Effect of Parkinson's Disease on the Dynamics of On-line and Proactive Cognitive Control during Action Selection

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2058-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Wylie ◽  
K. Richard Ridderinkhof ◽  
Theodore R. Bashore ◽  
Wery P. M. van den Wildenberg
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Motor Symptom ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
On Line ◽  
Response Activation

Processing irrelevant visual information sometimes activates incorrect response impulses. The engagement of cognitive control mechanisms to suppress these impulses and make proactive adjustments to reduce the future impact of incorrect impulses may rely on the integrity of frontal–basal ganglia circuitry. Using a Simon task, we investigated the effects of basal ganglia dysfunction produced by Parkinson's disease (PD) on both on-line (within-trial) and proactive (between-trial) control efforts to reduce interference produced by the activation of an incorrect response. As a novel feature, we applied distributional analyses, guided by the activation–suppression model, to differentiate the strength of incorrect response activation and the proficiency of suppression engaged to counter this activation. For situations requiring on-line control, PD (n = 52) and healthy control (n = 30) groups showed similar mean interference effects (i.e., Simon effects) on reaction time (RT) and accuracy. Distributional analyses showed that although the strength of incorrect response impulses was similar between the groups PD patients were less proficient at suppressing these impulses. Both groups demonstrated equivalent and effective proactive control of response interference on mean RT and accuracy rates. However, PD patients were less effective at reducing the strength of incorrect response activation proactively. Among PD patients, motor symptom severity was associated with difficulties in on-line, but not in proactive, control of response impulses. These results suggest that basal ganglia dysfunction produced by PD has selective effects on cognitive control mechanisms engaged to resolve response conflict, with primary deficits in the on-line suppression of incorrect responses occurring in the context of a relatively spared ability to adjust control proactively to minimize future conflict.

Drift diffusion model of reward and punishment learning in schizophrenia: Modeling and experimental data

2015 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Moustafa ◽  
Szabolcs Kéri ◽  
Zsuzsanna Somlai ◽  
Tarryn Balsdon ◽  
Dorota Frydecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Reward And Punishment

scholarly journals Modulating Proactive Cognitive Control by Reward: Differential Anticipatory Effects of Performance Contingent and Non-Contingent Rewards

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motonori Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Flanker Effect ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Sequential Modulation ◽  
Contingent Rewards

The present study investigated the influences of two different forms of reward presentation in modulating cognitive control. In three experiments, participants performed a flanker task for which one-third of trials were precued for a chance of obtaining a reward (reward trials). In Experiment 1, a reward was provided if participants made the correct response on reward trials but a penalty was given if they made an incorrect response on these trials. The anticipation of this performance-contingent reward increased response speed and reduced the flanker effect but had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, participants obtained a reward randomly on two-thirds of the precued reward trials and were given a penalty on the remaining one-third, regardless of their performance. The anticipation of this non-contingent reward had little influence on the overall response speed or flanker effect but reduced the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. Experiment 3 also used performance non-contingent rewards but participants were randomly penalized more often than they were rewarded; non-contingent penalty had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect. None of the three experiments showed a reliable influence of the actual acquisition of rewards on task performance. These results indicate anticipatory effects of performance contingent and non-contingent rewards on cognitive control with little evidence of aftereffects.

scholarly journals Drift diffusion model of reward and punishment learning in rare alpha-synuclein gene carriers

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Moustafa ◽  
Szabolcs Kéri ◽  
Bertalan Polner ◽  
Corey White
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Gene Carriers ◽  
Reward And Punishment

scholarly journals Modulating Proactive Cognitive Control by Reward: Differential Anticipatory Effects of Performance Contingent and Non-Contingent Rewards

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motonori Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Flanker Effect ◽  
Contingent Reward ◽  
Sequential Modulation ◽  
Contingent Rewards

The present study investigated the influences of two different forms of reward presentation in modulating cognitive control. In three experiments, participants performed a flanker task for which one-third of trials were precued for a chance of obtaining a reward (reward trials). In Experiment 1, a reward was provided if participants made the correct response on reward trials but a penalty was given if they made an incorrect response on these trials. The anticipation of this performance-contingent reward increased response speed and reduced the flanker effect but had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. In Experiment 2, participants obtained a reward randomly on two-thirds of the precued reward trials and were given a penalty on the remaining one-third, regardless of their performance. The anticipation of this non-contingent reward had little influence on the overall response speed or flanker effect but reduced the sequential modulation of the flanker effect after incompatible trials. Experiment 3 also used performance non-contingent rewards but participants were randomly penalized more often than they were rewarded; non-contingent penalty had little influence on the sequential modulation of the flanker effect. None of the three experiments showed a reliable influence of the actual acquisition of rewards on task performance. These results indicate anticipatory effects of performance contingent and non-contingent rewards on cognitive control with little evidence of aftereffects.

scholarly journals Cognitive Control and Bilingualism: The Bilingual Advantage Through the Lens of Dimensional Overlap

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melodie Bellegarda ◽  
Pedro Macizo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Response Level

Past research shows that the bilingual experience may enhance cognitive executive function. In this experiment, we evaluated cognitive control in bilinguals relative to monolinguals by using a dimensional overlap model to predict performance in a task composed of Stroop and Simon stimuli. A group of 24 Spanish monolinguals and 24 bilinguals with differing first languages and all having Spanish as a second language (L2) did a picture naming task and a task composed of Stroop and Simon stimuli, where the effect of different overlap conditions (spatial/color) between stimuli and responses were examined. The tasks were performed in Spanish for both groups and performance was indexed with behavioral and electrophysiological measures. We hypothesized that the bilinguals’ daily language practice in L2 reflected overlap conditions similar to the Simon task. Both naming a picture in L2 and the Simon task would involve conflict at the response level. L2 picture naming entails interference between two potential oral responses, to name in L2 vs. L1 (correct vs. incorrect responses, respectively). Similarly, incongruent stimuli in the Simon task produce interference because the irrelevant dimension (spatial location) overlap with an incorrect response. In contrast, the manual Stroop task involves a different type of conflict between two overlapping stimulus dimensions (the ink color and the color meaning). We predicted for these reasons a superior performance in Simon tasks over Stroop tasks for bilinguals, while monolinguals were expected to have a similar performance in both tasks. We also expected to see a correlation between the performance on the picture naming task and the Simon task in bilinguals. However, the behavioral results did not confirm these hypotheses. In fact, both groups had similar congruency effects as measured by reaction times and error rates, and there was no correlation between the picture naming and Simon task in bilinguals. Despite this, the electrophysiological data suggested a relationship between the picture naming task and the P300 congruency effect in bilinguals. Our findings provide insights into the neurocognitive bases of language and serve as a research avenue for language behaviors in bilinguals.

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