scholarly journals Role of Professionalism in the Policy Response to COVID-19: Does a Public Health or Medical Background Help?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Li ◽  
W. Lai ◽  
Q. Wan ◽  
X. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Medical Background ◽  
Public Crisis ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Almost All

AbstractLess than 5 percent of Chinese cities had top-ranked officials with public health or medical backgrounds (PHMBGs). Does professionalism improve their response to a public crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic? Collecting résumés of government and Party officials in almost all prefectural Chinese cities, and matching with other data sources, including weather conditions, city characteristics, COVID-19-related policies, and health outcomes, we demonstrate that cities whose top officials had PHMBGs witnessed significantly lower infection rates, and often lower death rates, than cities whose top officials lacked such backgrounds. Mechanism testing suggests that the effects were at least partially explained by more rapid lockdown or community closure. Our findings offer insights into better preparation for future epidemics via improving leadership team composition, particularly recruiting major officials with PHMBGs.One Sentence SummaryCities whose top officials had PHMBGs saw lower infection and death rates, attributable to more rapid decision to lock down and close communities.

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS): Are We Ready For The New Millenium?

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Information Exchange ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
Traffic Surveillance ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
First Time

In 1948, the port of Liverpool was probably the pioneer of European VTS, when they set up a radar station, in order to facilitate the boarding of pilots from the cutter. In 1951, Long Beach in California established a radar and VHF to facilitate port operations. Le Havre established another system and so, gradually, other ports followed. At this time commercial radar was comparatively new, and made it possible for the first time, under almost all weather conditions, to observe vessel traffic from the shore. In combination with VHF radio, a traffic surveillance system was achieved and real- time information exchange between the shore and ships became possible. Nevertheless, it was not until 1985 that the role of VTS in connection with navigation safety, traffic efficiency and environmental protection gained international recognition. This recognition is contained in an IMO resolution, which constitutes the VTS guidelines.

scholarly journals Entamoeba gingivalis and Evaluation of its Effectiveness in Periodontal Diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Esenkaya Taşbent ◽  
Ceren Ceran Boran
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Infection Rates

Periodontitis is one of the most common and public health problems worldwide. It is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease involving a complex interaction between various etiological factors, host responses, and environmental factors. Risk factors have still been under investigation. Many studies emphasize the possible bacterial etiology and host responses. Entamoeba gingivalis, is a protozoon that resides in the oral cavity of individuals. Many studies have reported that infection rates of this protozoa was higher in patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controls. However, the role of this protozoon in the development of periodontal disease remains controversial. Therefore, in this review, it is aimed to compile the literature data on E. gingivalis whose pathogenicity is yet to be determined.

Michael Kelly, Hilary Footitt, Myriam Salama-Carr (eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Languages and Conflict

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Zvada
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Speakers Of Other Languages ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
Almost All

This Handbook maps the contours of an exciting and burgeoning interdisciplinary field concerned with the role of language and languages in situations of conflict. It explores conceptual approaches, sources of information that are available, and the institutions and actors that mediate language encounters. It examines case studies of the role that languages have played in specific conflicts, from colonial times through to the Middle East and Africa today. The contributors provide vibrant evidence to challenge the monolingual assumptions that have affected traditional views of war and conflict. They show that languages are woven into every aspect of the making of war and peace, and demonstrate how language shapes public policy and military strategy, setting frameworks and expectations. The Handbook's 22 chapters powerfully illustrate how the encounter between languages is integral to almost all conflicts, to every phase of military operations and to the lived experiences of those on the ground, who meet, work and fight with speakers of other languages. This comprehensive work will appeal to scholars from across the disciplines of linguistics, translation studies, history, and international relations; and provide fresh insights for a broad range of practitioners interested in understanding the role and implications of foreign languages in war.

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