scholarly journals Grazing results in mobilization of spherulous cells and re-allocation of secondary metabolites to the surface in the sponge Aplysina aerophoba

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Wu ◽  
María García-Altares ◽  
Berta Pintó ◽  
Marta Ribes ◽  
Ute Hentschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Chemical Warfare ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Aplysina Aerophoba ◽  
Brominated Compounds

On the sea floor, prey and predator commonly engage in a chemical warfare. Here, sponges thrive due to their specific and diverse chemical arsenal. Yet, some animals use these chemically-defended organisms as food and home. Most research on sponge chemical ecology has characterized crude extracts and investigated defences against generalist predators like fish. Consequently, we know little about intraindividual chemical dynamics and responses to specialist grazers. Here, we studied the response of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba to grazing by the opistobranch Tylodina perversa, in comparison to mechanical damage, at the cellular (via microscopy) and chemical level (via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry). We characterized the distribution of two major brominated compounds in A. aerophoba, aerophobin-2 and aeroplysinin-1, and identified a generalized wounding response that was similar in both wounding treatments: (i) brominated compound-carrying cells (spherulous cells) accumulated at the wound and (ii) secondary metabolites reallocated to the sponge surface. Upon mechanical damage, the wound turned dark due to oxidized compounds, causing T. perversa deterrence. During grazing, T. perversa’s way of feeding prevented oxidation. Thus, the sponge has not evolved a specific response to this specialist predator, but rather relies on rapid regeneration and flexible allocation of constitutive defences.

scholarly journals Opisthobranch grazing results in mobilisation of spherulous cells and re-allocation of secondary metabolites in the sponge Aplysina aerophoba

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Wu ◽  
María García-Altares ◽  
Berta Pintó ◽  
Marta Ribes ◽  
Ute Hentschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Aplysina Aerophoba ◽  
Imaging Ms

AbstractSponges thrive in marine benthic communities due to their specific and diverse chemical arsenal against predators and competitors. Yet, some animals specifically overcome these defences and use sponges as food and home. Most research on sponge chemical ecology has characterised crude extracts and investigated defences against generalist predators like fish. Consequently, we know little about chemical dynamics in the tissue and responses to specialist grazers. Here, we studied the response of the sponge Aplysina aerophoba to grazing by the opisthobranch Tylodina perversa, in comparison to mechanical damage, at the cellular (via microscopy) and chemical level (via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry, MALDI-imaging MS). We characterised the distribution of two major brominated alkaloids in A. aerophoba, aerophobin-2 and aeroplysinin-1, and identified a generalised wounding response that was similar in both wounding treatments: (i) brominated compound-carrying cells (spherulous cells) accumulated at the wound and (ii) secondary metabolites reallocated to the sponge surface. Upon mechanical damage, the wound turned dark due to oxidised compounds, causing T. perversa deterrence. During grazing, T. perversa’s way of feeding prevented oxidation. Thus, the sponge has not evolved a specific response to this specialist predator, but rather relies on rapid regeneration and flexible allocation of constitutive defences.

Functionalized Titanium Oxide Nanowire Substrate for Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz ◽  
Han-Jung Lee ◽  
Cheng-Chih Hsu ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
Maldi Ms ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Powerful Technique ◽  
Desorption Ionization

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technique that enables analysis of various molecular species at a high spatial resolution with low detection limits. In contrast to the standard matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) approach, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) is more effective in the detection of small molecules due to the absence of interfering background signals in low <i>m/z</i> ranges. We developed a functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire as a solid substrate for IMS of low-molecular-weight species in biological specimens. We prepared TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires using the inexpensive modified hydrothermal process and subsequently functionalized it chemically with various silane analogs to overcome the problem of superhydrophilicity of the substrate. Chemical modification changed the selectivity of imprinting of samples deposited on the surface of the plate and thus improved the detection limits. Due to the enhanced performance, the functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire substrate could be successfully used for imaging of complex native samples. We applied our new substrate to image distribution of the secondary metabolites in (1) petal of the medicinal plant <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> and (2) microbial co-culture of <i>Burkholderia</i> <i>cenocepacia </i>869T2 vs <i>Phellinus noxius</i>. We observed that secondary metabolites are distributed heterogeneously in a petal, which is consistent with previous results reported for the <i>C. roseus</i> plant leaf and stem. We verified the semi-quantitative capabilities of the imprinting/imaging approach by comparing results using standard LC-MS analysis of the plant extracts. Several bacteria-related metabolites produced by <i>B</i>. <i>cenocepacia</i> 869T2 in presence of <i>P. noxius</i>, which were unable to be detected by MALDI-MS approach, were revealed by our newly developed approach. This suggested that the functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire substrates-based SALDI is a powerful technique complementary to MALDI-MS.

Functionalized Titanium Oxide Nanowire Substrate for Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina P. Dutkiewicz ◽  
Han-Jung Lee ◽  
Cheng-Chih Hsu ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
Maldi Ms ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Powerful Technique ◽  
Desorption Ionization

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technique that enables analysis of various molecular species at a high spatial resolution with low detection limits. In contrast to the standard matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) approach, surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) is more effective in the detection of small molecules due to the absence of interfering background signals in low <i>m/z</i> ranges. We developed a functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire as a solid substrate for IMS of low-molecular-weight species in biological specimens. We prepared TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowires using the inexpensive modified hydrothermal process and subsequently functionalized it chemically with various silane analogs to overcome the problem of superhydrophilicity of the substrate. Chemical modification changed the selectivity of imprinting of samples deposited on the surface of the plate and thus improved the detection limits. Due to the enhanced performance, the functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire substrate could be successfully used for imaging of complex native samples. We applied our new substrate to image distribution of the secondary metabolites in (1) petal of the medicinal plant <i>Catharanthus roseus</i> and (2) microbial co-culture of <i>Burkholderia</i> <i>cenocepacia </i>869T2 vs <i>Phellinus noxius</i>. We observed that secondary metabolites are distributed heterogeneously in a petal, which is consistent with previous results reported for the <i>C. roseus</i> plant leaf and stem. We verified the semi-quantitative capabilities of the imprinting/imaging approach by comparing results using standard LC-MS analysis of the plant extracts. Several bacteria-related metabolites produced by <i>B</i>. <i>cenocepacia</i> 869T2 in presence of <i>P. noxius</i>, which were unable to be detected by MALDI-MS approach, were revealed by our newly developed approach. This suggested that the functionalized TiO<sub>2</sub> nanowire substrates-based SALDI is a powerful technique complementary to MALDI-MS.

scholarly journals Understanding Rice-Magnaporthe Oryzae Interaction in Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Rice under Panicle Blast Infection Using a Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 301
Author(s):  
Vishesh Kumar ◽  
Priyanka Jain ◽  
Sureshkumar Venkadesan ◽  
Suhas Gorakh Karkute ◽  
Jyotika Bhati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Blast Resistance ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Panicle Blast

Rice blast is a global threat to food security with up to 50% yield losses. Panicle blast is a more severe form of rice blast and the response of rice plant to leaf and panicle blast is distinct in different genotypes. To understand the specific response of rice in panicle blast, transcriptome analysis of blast resistant cultivar Tetep, and susceptible cultivar HP2216 was carried out using RNA-Seq approach after 48, 72 and 96 h of infection with Magnaporthe oryzae along with mock inoculation. Transcriptome data analysis of infected panicle tissues revealed that 3553 genes differentially expressed in HP2216 and 2491 genes in Tetep, which must be the responsible factor behind the differential disease response. The defense responsive genes are involved mainly in defense pathways namely, hormonal regulation, synthesis of reactive oxygen species, secondary metabolites and cell wall modification. The common differentially expressed genes in both the cultivars were defense responsive transcription factors, NBS-LRR genes, kinases, pathogenesis related genes and peroxidases. In Tetep, cell wall strengthening pathway represented by PMR5, dirigent, tubulin, cell wall proteins, chitinases, and proteases was found to be specifically enriched. Additionally, many novel genes having DOMON, VWF, and PCaP1 domains which are specific to cell membrane were highly expressed only in Tetep post infection, suggesting their role in panicle blast resistance. Thus, our study shows that panicle blast resistance is a complex phenomenon contributed by early defense response through ROS production and detoxification, MAPK and LRR signaling, accumulation of antimicrobial compounds and secondary metabolites, and cell wall strengthening to prevent the entry and spread of the fungi. The present investigation provided valuable candidate genes that can unravel the mechanisms of panicle blast resistance and help in the rice blast breeding program.

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