scholarly journals Host’s Specific SARS-CoV-2 Mutations: Insertion of the Phenylalanine in the NSP6 Linked to the United Kingdom and Premature Termination of the ORF-8 Associated with the European and the United States of America Derived Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khalid ◽  
Yousef Al-ebini ◽  
David Murphy ◽  
Maryam Shoai
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Geographical Locations

AbstractThe coronavirus belongs to the order Nidovirales, which is known for the longest RNA genome virus. The polymerase enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 has proofreading functions, but still, the RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses. The mutations in the viral genome provide a replication advantage in any population/geographical location and that may have profound consequences in the outcome and pathogenesis, diagnosis and patient management of the viral infection. In the present study, we have analysed full-length SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences, derived from symptomatic/asymptomatic COVID-19 patients from all six continents to investigate the common mutations globally. Our results revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is mutating independently, we identified total 313 mutations and some (21 mutations) of them are prevailing over time irrespective of geographical location. Another important finding, we are reporting here is, the mutation rate of the virus varies in different geographical locations suggesting the virus is adapting different strategies in the infected populations, having different genetic backgrounds across the globe. We have identified 11085TTT insertion (insertion of the Phenylalanine in NSP6 at position 38) mutation, which is mainly linked to the UK derived SARS-CoV-2 samples, we have also discovered non-sense mutation in ORF-8 after 17 amino acid is linked to the European and the USA derived SARS-CoV-2 samples.

Antitrust Regulation of IT Giants` Activities: Main Trends of Foreign and Russian Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Shram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

The article is devoted to the antimonopoly regulation of IT giants` activities. The author presents an overview of the main trends in foreign and Russian legislation in this area. The problems the antimonopoly regulation of digital markets faces are the following: the complexity of determining the criteria for the dominant position of economic entities in the digital economy and the criteria for assessing the economic concentration in the commodity digital markets; the identification and suppression of cartels; the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights in the digital age. Some aspects of these problems are considered through the prism of the main trends in the antimonopoly policy in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Russia. The investigation findings of the USA House of Representatives Antitrust Subcommittee against Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook are presented. The author justifies the need to separate them, which requires the adoption of appropriate amendments to the antimonopoly legislation. The article analyzes the draft law of the European Commission on the regulation of digital markets – Digital Markets Act, reveals the criteria for classifying IT companies as «gatekeepers», and notes the specific approaches to antimonopoly regulation in the UK and the US. The article describes the concepts «digital platform» and «network effects», presented in the «fifth antimonopoly package of amendments», developed in 2018 by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, and gives an overview of the comments of the Ministry of Economic Development regarding these concepts wording in the text of the draft law, which formed the basis for the negative conclusion of the regulator. It is concluded that in the context of the digital markets’ globalization, there is a need for the international legal nature antitrust norms formation, since regional legislation obviously cannot cope with the monopolistic activities of IT giants.

‘A splendid innovation, these English titles!’ The invention of subtitling in the USA and the UK

2019 ◽  
pp. 267-290
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Silent Films ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Uk

This chapter offers the first account of the beginning of subtitling in the United Kingdom and in the United States. The release of foreign-language films with superimposed English titles began in both countries in the course of 1931, and became generalised in 1932. The chapter discusses early experiments in titling, including the use of interpolated titles after the fashion of silent films. It also raises a number of methodological problems, including the difficulty of interpretation of press data. This difficulty means that as yet we have only a provisional picture of early subtitling practices in the UK and USA, and for several of these early subtitled versions the nature and extent of the titling is not known. The chapter also discusses the question of survival of the material artefacts of these subtitled versions.

British and US Anticommunism Between the World Wars

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Olmsted
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Union Activists ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cold War

This article examines the espionage and propaganda networks established by former professional spies and other anticommunist activists in the interwar period in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. In both countries, conservatives responded to the growing power of labor in politics by creating and funding private groups to coordinate spying operations on union activists and political radicals. These British and US spies drew upon the resources of the government while evading democratic controls. The anti-labor groups also spread anti-radical propaganda, but the counter-subversive texts in the UK tended to highlight the economic threats posed by radicalism, while those in the USA appealed to more visceral fears. The leaders of these anti-labur networks established a transnational alliance with their fellow anticommunists across the Atlantic decades before the beginning of the Cold War.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN AND BRITISH PEER-TO-PEER LENDING MARKETS

Federalism ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 172-192
Author(s):  
T. G. Bondarenko ◽  
O. A. Zhdanova ◽  
T. P. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
World Market ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Peer Lending ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Uk

Peering lending arose as a response to the challenge of time at the moment when banks showed their weak points: extreme over-regulation and sluggishness. It is the reason leading to the emergence in the global financial market of a new mechanism — peertopeer lending, which requires a comprehensive study, which is advisable to start with an analysis of peer-to-peer lending markets in two founding countries — the United Kingdom and the United States. The stages of development of the peering mechanism in these countries reflect the trends of the world market as a whole. The structural and dynamic analysis made it possible to identify general trends in the development of markets in terms of slowing their growth rates over the next five years, which indicates that markets have reached their maximum and the need to find new ways of qualitative development in order to increase the numbers. Analysis of differences in legislative regulation of markets showed that the main differences are based on the use of different peer-to-peer crediting models in the UK and the USA, which in turn leads to nonidentical regulatory objects from a legal point of view, although in general the concept of peer-to-peer lending does not change.

College for kids — What higher education can do to improve the educational opportunities for the exceptionally able — A review of the approaches in the United Kingdom and the United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Williams ◽  
Pat Dodds ◽  
Valsa Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Emotional Needs ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Elementary Schooling ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Summer Schools ◽  
The Uk

This article reviews the provision made for gifted children during their primary or elementary schooling in both the USA and the UK. It argues that all children have an entitlement to an education appropriate to their needs, and, that, in this respect, the able child has often been neglected. Colleges of Higher Education are well-placed to provide an in-put on this to:- (a) children via Saturday clubs and Summer schools; (b) teachers by offering courses aimed at improving their ability to differentiate the curriculum appropriately and (c) parents in how to cope with the cognitive, social and emotional needs of their able child. Education Departments in both countries have become aware of the importance of capturing the interest and nurturing the ability of gifted children; realising that without this, they could ultimately be “lost to their nations”.

scholarly journals Increasing Transparency for Consumers Showing Probabilities of Virtual Items in Loot Boxes in Digital Games

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Philipp Christian Lohse
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Game Design ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Digital Games ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Purpose of the study: This study is motivated by the increasing public discussions about loot boxes. There are similarities between loot boxes and gambling. Digital games often cross the line between skill-based games and gambling. Methodology: The presented data in this study is based on an online survey from July 2019 in Germany, Hungary, South Africa, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Main Findings: This paper discusses the public acceptance of a possible loot box regulation. Often, the probabilities of items inside loot boxes are not shown. This paper discusses the acceptance of mandatory showing of loot box probabilities and finds that there is a major agreement to the possible increase of transparency. Research limitations: The presented data only applies to Germany, Hungary, South Africa, Thailand, the UK, and the USA in July 2019. Findings from this study cannot be transferred to other countries. There might be further regional differences in other countries. Further research of consumer preferences for possible regulations can help in determining useful regulations for digital games with loot boxes. Novelty/Originality of this study: Knowledge in this research field is still limited. There are yet adequate studies that explore consumer preferences concerning game design. This applies especially for the field of consumer preferences concerning the showing of probabilities of virtual items inside loot boxes.

scholarly journals Self-Mention in Science Communication Associated with COVID-19 Research: A Comparison of Computer-Mediated Communicative Practices in the United Kingdom and the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kapranov
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
The Usa ◽  
University College London ◽  
The Uk

Abstract The article introduces and discusses a corpus-assisted study that sets out to identify and analyse how self-mention is employed in science communication associated with COVID-19 research disseminated to the general public by leading universities in the United Kingdom (the UK) and the United States of America (the USA). The corpus of the study is comprised of computer-mediated communication related to the COVID-19 pandemic on the official websites of Johns Hopkins University (the USA) and University College London (the UK). The corpus was examined quantitatively for the presence of self-mentions, such as I, my, me, mine, myself, and we, our, ours, ourselves, and us. The results of the quantitative analysis indicated that computer-mediated communicative practices associated with COVID-19 discourse and communication by these scientific institutions exhibit similarities in terms of the use of self-mentions. However, in contrast to COVID-19-related discourse communicated by Johns Hopkins University, the self-mention I and its forms were used more liberally in COVID-19-related discourse and communication disseminated by University College London. These findings are further discussed in the article from the vantage point of the current Anglo-Saxon tradition of academic writing in English.

scholarly journals Subgingival microbiota of dogs with healthy gingiva or early periodontal disease from different geographical locations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wallis ◽  
L. Milella ◽  
A. Colyer ◽  
C. O’Flynn ◽  
S. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Quality Filtering ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Geographical Locations

Abstract Background Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease of dogs worldwide and results from a complex interplay between plaque bacteria, the host and environmental factors. Recent studies have enhanced our understanding of the associations between the plaque microbiota and canine periodontal disease. These studies, however, were limited in their geographical reach. Thus associations between the canine oral microbiota and geographical location were investigated by determining the composition of subgingival plaque samples from 587 dogs residing in the United Kingdom (UK), United States of America (USA), China and Thailand using 454-pyrosequencing. Results After quality filtering 6,944,757 sequence reads were obtained and clustering of these at ≥98% sequence resulted in 280 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) following exclusion of rare OTUs (present at < 0.05% in all four countries). The subgingival plaque from dog populations located in the UK, USA, China and Thailand had a similar composition although the abundance of certain taxa varied significantly among geographical locations. Exploration of the effect of clinical status and age revealed a marked similarity among the bacteria associated with increased age and those associated with gingivitis: Young dogs and those with no gingivitis were dominated by taxa from the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria whereas older dogs and those with moderate gingivitis were dominated by members of the Firmicutes. The plaque microbiota of small breed dogs was found to significantly differ to medium and large breeds and was dominated by species belonging to the Firmicutes. Conclusions The bacterial associations with health, gingivitis and periodontitis were conserved across dogs from the UK, USA, China and Thailand. These bacterial signatures of periodontal health and disease have potential as biomarkers for disease detection.

scholarly journals Labor Anticommunism in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, 1920–49

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-133
Author(s):  
Jennifer Luff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cold War ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk

Why did domestic anticommunism convulse the United States of America during the early Cold War but barely ripple in the United Kingdom? Contemporaries and historians have puzzled over the dramatic difference in domestic politics between the USA and the UK, given the countries’ broad alignment on foreign policy toward Communism and the Soviet Union in that era. This article reflects upon the role played by trade unions in the USA and the UK in the development of each country's culture and politics of anticommunism during the interwar years. Trade unions were key sites of Communist organizing, and also of anticommunism, in both the USA and the UK, but their respective labor movements developed distinctively different political approaches to domestic and international communism. Comparing labor anticommunist politics in the interwar years helps explain sharp divergences in the politics of anticommunism in the USA and the UK during the Cold War.

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