scholarly journals Age, Origin, and Biogeography: Unveiling the Factors Behind the Diversification of Dung Beetles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Schwery ◽  
Brian C. O’Meara
Keyword(s):  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Global Distribution ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Exact Relation ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Lineage Diversification

AbstractThe remarkable diversity and global distribution of dung beetles has long attracted the interest of researchers. However, there is still an ongoing debate on their origin, the reasons behind their diversity, and their path to global distribution. The two most prominent hypotheses regarding their origin and biogeographic history involve either vicariance events after the breakup of Gondwana, or an African origin and subsequent dispersal. One of the key reasons why the question is still disputed is a dependence on knowing the age of the dung beetles – a Mesozoic origin would favor the scenario of Gondwanan vicariance, a Cenozoic origin would suggest the out-of-Africa scenario. To help settle this longstanding question, we provide a taxonomically expanded phylogeny, with divergence times estimated under two calibration schemes suggesting an older or younger origin respectively. Using model-based inference, we estimate the ancestral area of the group and test for the influence of ranges on diversification rates. Our results support the hypothesis of an old age for Scarabaeinae and Gondwanan origin but remain ambiguous about the exact relation of range on lineage diversification.

The radiation of macaques out of Africa: Evidence from mitogenome divergence times and the fossil record

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 114-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Roos ◽  
Maximilian Kothe ◽  
David M. Alba ◽  
Eric Delson ◽  
Dietmar Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Out Of Africa

scholarly journals Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. E5864-E5870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Jie Feng ◽  
David C. Blackburn ◽  
Dan Liang ◽  
David M. Hillis ◽  
David B. Wake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Frog Species ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Molecular Dataset ◽  
Diverse Groups

Frogs (Anura) are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates and comprise nearly 90% of living amphibian species. Their worldwide distribution and diverse biology make them well-suited for assessing fundamental questions in evolution, ecology, and conservation. However, despite their scientific importance, the evolutionary history and tempo of frog diversification remain poorly understood. By using a molecular dataset of unprecedented size, including 88-kb characters from 95 nuclear genes of 156 frog species, in conjunction with 20 fossil-based calibrations, our analyses result in the most strongly supported phylogeny of all major frog lineages and provide a timescale of frog evolution that suggests much younger divergence times than suggested by earlier studies. Unexpectedly, our divergence-time analyses show that three species-rich clades (Hyloidea, Microhylidae, and Natatanura), which together comprise ∼88% of extant anuran species, simultaneously underwent rapid diversification at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary (KPB). Moreover, anuran families and subfamilies containing arboreal species originated near or after the KPB. These results suggest that the K–Pg mass extinction may have triggered explosive radiations of frogs by creating new ecological opportunities. This phylogeny also reveals relationships such as Microhylidae being sister to all other ranoid frogs and African continental lineages of Natatanura forming a clade that is sister to a clade of Eurasian, Indian, Melanesian, and Malagasy lineages. Biogeographical analyses suggest that the ancestral area of modern frogs was Africa, and their current distribution is largely associated with the breakup of Pangaea and subsequent Gondwanan fragmentation.

Out of Africa: biogeographic history of the open-habitat chats (Aves, Muscicapidae: Saxicolinae) across arid areas of the old world

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Alaei Kakhki ◽  
Mansour Aliabadian ◽  
Manuel Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Arid Areas ◽  
Old World ◽  
Open Habitat ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

scholarly journals Events recovery under different methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Méndez ◽  
Daniel Miranda-Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

To reconstruct the biogeographic history should be taken into account the processes involved in the current distribution of the biota, for example vicariance, dispersal, sympatry and extinction. Different methods have been created to answer this. From methods to detect only vicariant events to ancestral area analysis under different models where all events are considered to reconstruct the history at individual level and from which analyze if there are congruence with other taxonomic groups, methods based on cells, endemism areas, parsimony, parametric methods, in general there is a great variety of methods. All have a different approach to determine the amount and the location of the event in the phylogeny but all can give a resolution of how have been created this patterns of distribution.

scholarly journals Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basic lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente M. Cabrera ◽  
Patricia Marrero ◽  
Khaled K. Abu-Amero ◽  
Jose M. Larruga
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Southern Route

ABSTRACTBackgroundAfter three decades of mtDNA studies on human evolution the only incontrovertible main result is the African origin of all extant modern humans. In addition, a southern coastal route has been relentlessly imposed to explain the Eurasian colonization of these African pioneers. Based on the age of macrohaplogroup L3, from which all maternal Eurasian and the majority of African lineages originated, that out-of-Africa event has been dated around 60-70 kya. On the opposite side, we have proposed a northern route through Central Asia across the Levant for that expansion. Consistent with the fossil record, we have dated it around 125 kya. To help bridge differences between the molecular and fossil record ages, in this article we assess the possibility that mtDNA macrohaplogroup L3 matured in Eurasia and returned to Africa as basic L3 lineages around 70 kya.ResultsThe coalescence ages of all Eurasian (M,N) and African L3 lineages, both around 71 kya, are not significantly different. The oldest M and N Eurasian clades are found in southeastern Asia instead near of Africa as expected by the southern route hypothesis. The split of the Y-chromosome composite DE haplogroup is very similar to the age of mtDNA L3. A Eurasian origin and back migration to Africa has been proposed for the African Y-chromosome haplogroup E. Inside Africa, frequency distributions of maternal L3 and paternal E lineages are positively correlated. This correlation is not fully explained by geographic or ethnic affinities. It seems better to be the result of a joint and global replacement of the old autochthonous male and female African lineages by the new Eurasian incomers.ConclusionsThese results are congruent with a model proposing an out-of-Africa of early anatomically modern humans around 125 kya. A return to Africa of Eurasian fully modern humans around 70 kya, and a second Eurasian global expansion by 60 kya. Climatic conditions and the presence of Neanderthals played key roles in these human movements.

scholarly journals The reanalysis of biogeography of the Asian tree frog,Rhacophorus(Anura: Rhacophoridae): geographic shifts and climatic change influenced the dispersal process and diversification

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Pan ◽  
Yanan Zhang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Xing Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Distinct Lineage ◽  
Asian Monsoons

Rapid uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau and climate change in Asia are thought to have profoundly modulated the diversification of most of the species distributed throughout Asia. The ranoid tree frog genusRhacophorus, the largest genus in the Rhacophoridae, is widely distributed in Asia and especially speciose in the areas south and east of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships among species and estimate divergence times, asking whether the spatiotemporal characteristics of diversification withinRhacophoruswere related to rapid uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau and concomitant climate change. Phylogenetic analysis recovered distinct lineage structures inRhacophorus, which indicated a clear distribution pattern from Southeast Asia toward East Asia and India. Molecular dating suggests that the first split within the genus date back to the Middle Oligocene (approx. 30 Ma). TheRhacophoruslineage through time (LTT) showed that there were periods of increased speciation rate: 14–12 Ma and 10–4 Ma. In addition, ancestral area reconstructions supported Southeast Asia as the ancestral area ofRhacophorus. According to the results of molecular dating, ancestral area reconstructions and LTT we think the geographic shifts, the staged rapid rises of the Tibetan Plateau with parallel climatic changes and reinforcement of the Asian monsoons (15 Ma, 8 Ma and 4–3 Ma), possibly prompted a burst of diversification inRhacophorus.

From the desert it came: evolution of the Australian paper daisy genus Leucochrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Schmidt-Lebuhn ◽  
Kiarrah J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Arid Zone ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Ancestral Area Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Australian Flora

Present patterns of diversity in the Australian flora have been shaped by increasing seasonality since the Eocene, and by pronounced aridification in the past 3 million years. Arid-zone plants are commonly hypothesised to be the products of radiations of ancestrally temperate or coastal lineages, as in the case of the everlasting paper daisy tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). However, these inferences are often based on higher-level phylogenies, whereas evolutionary processes in the Australian Gnaphalieae have rarely been studied at the species level. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny and biogeographic history of the small, but ecologically diverse, paper daisy genus Leucochrysum, to examine recent habitat shifts and character changes, at the same time exploring the feasibility of using amplicon sequencing of low-copy nuclear gene regions to resolve phylogenetic relationships in Australian Gnaphalieae. On the balance of evidence, outgroup comparison and ancestral-area reconstruction support an ancestral range in the arid zone with subsequent diversification towards the south-east, demonstrating a complex evolutionary history with a re-colonisation of temperate areas. Low amplification success rates suggest that methods other than amplicon sequencing of currently available primers will be more promising for molecular phylogenetic work at a larger scale.

scholarly journals Events recovery under different methods

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Méndez ◽  
Daniel Miranda-Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Current Distribution ◽  
Parametric Methods ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Patterns Of Distribution ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

To reconstruct the biogeographic history should be taken into account the processes involved in the current distribution of the biota, for example vicariance, dispersal, sympatry and extinction. Different methods have been created to answer this. From methods to detect only vicariant events to ancestral area analysis under different models where all events are considered to reconstruct the history at individual level and from which analyze if there are congruence with other taxonomic groups, methods based on cells, endemism areas, parsimony, parametric methods, in general there is a great variety of methods. All have a different approach to determine the amount and the location of the event in the phylogeny but all can give a resolution of how have been created this patterns of distribution.

Phylogeography and palaeomodelling of Duseniella patagonica (Barnadesioideae), an early-diverging member of Asteraceae endemic to the Argentinean Monte and Patagonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 726-750
Author(s):  
Estrella Urtubey ◽  
Tod Falor Stuessy ◽  
Jose Ignacio Justel ◽  
Marcela Viviana Nicola
Keyword(s):  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Nuclear Markers ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Vicariant Event ◽  
Late Middle Miocene ◽  
Soil Elevation ◽  
Geomorphological Processes ◽  
Two Populations

Abstract We performed an integrated phylogeographical and palaeoclimatic study of an early-diverging member of Asteraceae, Duseniella patagonica, endemic to Argentina. Chloroplast and nuclear markers were sequenced from 106 individuals belonging to 20 populations throughout the species range. We analysed genetic spatial distribution, diversity and structure, tested for range expansion, estimated divergence times, reconstructed ancestral areas and modelled present and past species distributions based on climatic data. Duseniella diverged from its sister genera during the Late/Middle Miocene. Its ancestral area included southern Monte plus eastern and central Patagonia. A vicariant event separated Monte and Patagonian clades during the Plio-Pleistocene. This would have involved unfavourable climate, soil, elevation, volcanism and/or other geomorphological processes between 40 and 43.5°S, in the sourroundings of the Somuncura plateau. Each clade possesses its own haplotypes and nucleotypes. Two populations, one in southern Monte and the other in eastern Patagonia, contain the highest diversity and exclusive haplotypes, representing hypothetical ancestral refugia. Northern Monte and southern Patagonian populations show low to null genetic diversity, being the most recently colonized areas. Climatic models indicate that winter temperature influenced the distribution of Duseniella, with an increase in probability of occurrence during colder periods, thus enabling diversification during glacial episodes.

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