scholarly journals Evolution of lower levels of inter-locus sexual conflict in D. melanogaster populations under strong selection for rapid development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avani Mital ◽  
Manaswini Sarangi ◽  
Snigdhadip Dey ◽  
Amitabh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Female Resistance ◽  
Behavioural Patterns ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Selection For

AbstractD. melanogaster laboratory populations subjected to selection for rapid development and early reproduction have been found to have evolved reduced adult body size and lower levels of inter-locus sexual conflict compared to their ancestral controls. We tested the contribution of a smaller body to the evolution of reduced sexual conflict in these populations, since body size differences are known to affect sexual conflict levels in this species. We cultured larvae from the control populations at high density to obtain flies as small as those from the selected populations. The effect of body size reduction on sexual conflict was asymmetric, with smaller body size resulting in reduced male manipulative ability but not female resistance to mating-induced harm. These results were not due to differences in behavioural patterns of smaller flies, such as differences in overall mating exposure of females to different types of males. We hypothesize that evolution for rapid development and the correlated reduction in body size has resulted in lower male manipulative ability, and sexually antagonistic co-evolution has lowered female resistance to such manipulations. These populations have also evolved incipient reproductive isolation from their controls, likely through sexual conflict (reported earlier), and our results support the view that this is an outcome of strong, directional selection for rapid development.

scholarly journals Remating responses are consistent with male post-copulatory manipulation but not reinforcement inD. pseudoobscura

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy S. Davis ◽  
Dean M. Castillo ◽  
Leonie C. Moyle
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Selection For

AbstractReinforcement occurs when hybridization between closely related lineages produces low fitness offspring, prompting selection for elevated reproductive isolation specifically in areas of sympatry. Both pre-mating and post-mating prezygotic behaviors have been shown to be the target of reinforcing selection, but it remains unclear whether remating behaviors experience reinforcement, although they can also influence offspring identity and limit formation of hybrids. Here we evaluated evidence for reinforcing selection on remating behaviors inD. pseudoobscura, by comparing remating traits in females from populations historically allopatric and sympatric withD. persimilis. We found that the propensity to remate was not higher in sympatric females, compared to allopatric females, regardless of whether the first mated male was heterospecific or conspecific. Moreover, remating behavior did not contribute to interspecific reproductive isolation among any population; that is, females showed no higher propensity to remate following a heterospecific first mating than they were following a conspecific first mating. Instead, we found that females are less likely to remate after initial matings with unfamiliar males, regardless of species identity. This is consistent with one scenario of postmating sexual conflict in which females are poorly defended against post-copulatory manipulation by males with whom they have not co-evolved. Our results are generally inconsistent with reinforcement on remating traits, and suggest that this behavior might be more strongly shaped by the consequences of local antagonistic male-female interactions than interactions with heterospecifics.

Changes in perinatal conditions selected for neonatal immaturity

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Ragir
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Bipedal Walking ◽  
Birth Canal ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Skeletal Immaturity ◽  
Skeletal Ossification

The mechanics of walking restructured the pelvis and narrowed the birth-canal that selected for delays in skeletal ossification. Prolonged phases of fetal maturation increased the mass and volume of the brain relative to adult body-size, as encephalization increased. Thus, bipedal- walking and episodic increases in hominine body size probably triggered selection for neonatal skeletal immaturity that led to encephalization.

scholarly journals Extremely rapid development and early reproduction reduces sexual selection in D. melanogaster populations.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avani Mital ◽  
Manaswini Sarangi ◽  
Bodhisatta Nandy ◽  
Neha Pandey ◽  
Amitabh Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Short Development Time ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Selection For

The role of sexual selection in mediating levels of sexual conflict has been demonstrated in a number of experimental evolution studies on Drosophila sp. where the level of competition among males for fertilization success was under direct selection. Here we report that selection for a short development time and early age at reproduction can lead to inadvertent changes in levels of sexual selection in D. melanogaster populations, affecting reproductive competition experienced by males. We demonstrate that faster developing and early reproducing populations showed very low levels of mating in their lifetime (likely being monogamous), low courtship levels, shorter copulation duration and longer maturation time, compared to their ancestral controls. We discuss these results in light of the previously demonstrated reduction of sexual conflict in these populations.

scholarly journals DIRECTIONAL versus STABILIZING SELECTION FOR DEVELOPMENTAL TIME IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF FLOUR BEETLES

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-783
Author(s):  
Peter S Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Flour Beetles ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Synchronized Cultures

ABSTRACT Artificial selection for fast development is successful in long-established laboratory populations of Tribolium, but not in strains recently derived from natural populations. It is shown that selection against fast development in dense, synchronized cultures operates through cannibalism of early pupae by larvae. Since standard husbandry procedures for laboratory strains involve the periodic creation of dense, synchronized cultures, it is suggested that these populations are subjected to stabilizing selection for intermediate developmental time. Natural populations, on the other hand, are probably subjected to directional selection for rapid development.

scholarly journals Time-Based Corporate-Social-Responsibility Evaluation Model Taking Chinese Listed Forestry Companies as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7971
Author(s):  
Xinfei Li ◽  
Baodong Cheng ◽  
Heng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Static State ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normative Constraints ◽  
Corporate Social

With the rapid development of the economy, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is receiving increasing attention from companies themselves, but also increasing attention from society as a whole. How to reasonably evaluate the performance of CSR is a current research hotspot. Existing corporate-social-responsibility evaluation methods mostly focus on the static evaluation of enterprises in the industry, and do not take the time factor into account, which cannot reflect the performance of long-term CSR. On this basis, this article proposes a time-based entropy method that can evaluate long-term changes in CSR. Studies have shown that the completion of CSR in a static state does not necessarily reflect the dynamic and increasing trend of CSR in the long term. Therefore, the assessment of CSR should consider both the static and dynamic aspects of a company. In addition, the research provides the focus of different types of forestry enterprises in fulfilling CSR in the long term, and provides a clearer information path for the standard identification and normative constraints of different types of forestry enterprises CSR.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of body size and shape of Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián P. Luque ◽  
Edward H. Miller ◽  
John P.Y. Arnould ◽  
Magaly Chambellant ◽  
Christophe Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Lactation Duration

Pre- and post-weaning functional demands on body size and shape of mammals are often in conflict, especially in species where weaning involves a change of habitat. Compared with long lactations, brief lactations are expected to be associated with fast rates of development and attainment of adult traits. We describe allometry and growth for several morphological traits in two closely related fur seal species with large differences in lactation duration at a sympatric site. Longitudinal data were collected from Antarctic ( Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875); 120 d lactation) and subantarctic ( Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872); 300 d lactation) fur seals. Body mass was similar in neonates of both species, but A. gazella neonates were longer, less voluminous, and had larger foreflippers. The species were similar in rate of preweaning growth in body mass, but growth rates of linear variables were faster for A. gazella pups. Consequently, neonatal differences in body shape increased over lactation, and A. gazella pups approached adult body shape faster than did A. tropicalis pups. Our results indicate that preweaning growth is associated with significant changes in body shape, involving the acquisition of a longer, more slender body with larger foreflippers in A. gazella. These differences suggest that A. gazella pups are physically more mature at approximately 100 d of age (close to weaning age) than A. tropicalis pups of the same age.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Hypoxia Limits Selection for Large Body Size in Insects

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e3876 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jaco Klok ◽  
Jon F. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Continued artificial selection for running endurance in rats is associated with improved lung function

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Kirkton ◽  
Richard A. Howlett ◽  
Norberto C. Gonzalez ◽  
Patrick G. Giuliano ◽  
Steven L. Britton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Endurance Capacity ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Body Frame ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Function ◽  
Muscle Adaptations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Seven Generations

Previous studies found that selection for endurance running in untrained rats produced distinct high (HCR) and low (LCR) capacity runners. Furthermore, despite weighing 14% less, 7th generation HCR rats achieved the same absolute maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) as LCR due to muscle adaptations that improved oxygen extraction and use. However, there were no differences in cardiopulmonary function after seven generations of selection. If selection for increased endurance capacity continued, we hypothesized that due to the serial nature of oxygen delivery enhanced cardiopulmonary function would be required. In the present study, generation 15 rats selected for high and low endurance running capacity showed differences in pulmonary function. HCR, now 25% lighter than LCR, reached a 12% higher absolute V̇o2max than LCR, P < 0.05 (49% higher V̇o2max/kg). Despite the 25% difference in body size, both lung volume (at 20 cmH2O airway pressure) and exercise diffusing capacity were similar in HCR and LCR. Lung volume of LCR lay on published mammalian allometrical relationships while that of HCR lay above that line. Alveolar ventilation at V̇o2max was 30% higher, P < 0.05 (78% higher, per kg), arterial Pco2 was 4.5 mmHg (17%) lower, P < 0.05, while total pulmonary vascular resistance was (insignificantly) 5% lower (30% lower, per kg) in HCR. The smaller mass of HCR animals was due mostly to a smaller body frame rather than to a lower fat mass. These findings show that by generation 15, lung size in smaller HCR rats is not reduced in concert with their smaller body size, but has remained similar to that of LCR, supporting the hypothesis that continued selection for increased endurance capacity requires relatively larger lungs, supporting greater ventilation, gas exchange, and pulmonary vascular conductance.

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