scholarly journals Characterization of late structural maturation with a neuroanatomical marker that considers both cortical thickness and intracortical myelination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Maingault ◽  
Antonietta Pepe ◽  
Bernard Mazoyer ◽  
Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer ◽  
Fabrice Crivello
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Cortical Maturation

ABSTRACTThe cortical ribbon changes throughout a person’s lifespan, with the most significant changes occurring during crucial development and aging periods. Changes during adulthood are rarely investigated due to the scarcity of neuroimaging data during this period. After childhood, the brain loses gray matter, which is evidenced by an apparent reduction in cortical thickness (CT); one factor of this thinning process is intense ongoing intracortical myelination (MYEL). Here, we report age-related changes in CT, MYEL, and their ratio in 447 participants aged 18 to 57 years (BIL&GIN cohort). We propose the CT/MYEL ratio to be a multimodal cortical maturation index (MATUR) capable of reflecting 1) stages during which CT and MYEL patterns diverge and 2) the regional differences in cortical maturation that occur in adulthood. Age mainly decreased CT in all cortical regions, with larger reductions occurring in the bilateral insular lobes, temporal and frontal poles, and cingulate cortices. Age led to a linear increase in MYEL in the entire cortex and larger increases in the primary motor, auditory, and visual cortices. The effects of age on the MATUR index were characterized by both linear and quadratic components. The linear component mimicked the pattern found in CT, with 1) a robust amplification of the global and regional effects of age on CT and 2) evidence of new bilateral linear decreases in the frontal and cortical cortices. Most importantly, age exhibited additional large quadratic effects on the MATUR index in the bilateral frontal (more prominent in the right hemisphere), parietal, temporal, and cingulate regions that were not highlighted by the CT metric. Thus, the MATUR index was more sensitive to age-related cortical structural changes during adulthood than was either CT or MYEL alone. As evidenced by the large quadratic component of the effect of age, the newly proposed maturation index dramatically improved the characterization of the regional cortical territories, uncovering the latest brain maturation steps that occur before stabilization and deterioration occur in mid- and late adulthood.

scholarly journals Antipsychotic Effects on Cortical Morphology in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiqi Feng ◽  
Fay Y. Womer ◽  
E. Kale Edmiston ◽  
Yifan Chen ◽  
Yinshan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atypical Antipsychotic ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Illness Duration ◽  
Cortical Thinning ◽  
Age Related

Background: Previous studies of atypical antipsychotic effects on cortical structures in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have findings that vary between the short and long term. In particular, there has not been a study exploring the effects of atypical antipsychotics on age-related cortical structural changes in SZ and BD. This study aimed to determine whether mid- to long-term atypical antipsychotic treatment (mean duration = 20 months) is associated with cortical structural changes and whether age-related cortical structural changes are affected by atypical antipsychotics.Methods: Structural magnetic resonance imaging images were obtained from 445 participants consisting of 88 medicated patients (67 with SZ, 21 with BD), 84 unmedicated patients (50 with SZ, 34 with BD), and 273 healthy controls (HC). Surface-based analyses were employed to detect differences in thickness and area among the three groups. We examined the age-related effects of atypical antipsychotics after excluding the potential effects of illness duration.Results: Significant differences in cortical thickness were observed in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and insular areas and the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus. The medicated group showed greater cortical thinning in these regions than the unmediated group and HC; furthermore, there were age-related differences in the effects of atypical antipsychotics, and these effects did not relate to illness duration. Moreover, cortical thinning was significantly correlated with lower symptom scores and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) deficits in patients. After false discovery rate correction, cortical thinning in the right middle temporal gyrus in patients was significantly positively correlated with lower HAMD scores. The unmedicated group showed only greater frontotemporal thickness than the HC group.Conclusion: Mid- to long-term atypical antipsychotic use may adversely affect cortical thickness over the course of treatment and ageing and may also result in worsening cognitive function.

scholarly journals Changes in thickness of cortex and its layers in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum in postnatal ontogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
T. A. Tsekhmistrenko ◽  
S. V. Klochkova ◽  
A. B. Mazloev ◽  
D. B. Nikityuk ◽  
D. K. Obukhov
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
In Infants And Children

Objective– the study of age-related changes in the thickness of the cortex and its layers in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children.Material and methods.The work is performed on postmortem material (62 cerebellum), obtained from children aged from birth to 12 years who died as a result of injuries without brain damage. Using computer morphometry on the painted method Nissle frontal histological sections of cortex, taken in region right and left posterior quadrangular lobules (H VI) on top of the folia of cerebellum, was measured the cortical thickness and the thickness of molecular and granular layers. Analysis of quantitative data was performed at annual intervals.Results. The posterior lobe of the cerebellum the increase in the thickness of the cortex in the left hemisphere occurs in two stages: from birth to 1 year and then to 2 years, in the right hemisphere in three stages: from birth to 1 year, and 2 and 7 years. Right-sided asymmetry of the thickness of the cerebellar cortex observed in infants and children 7 years of age, thickness of granular layer in infants and children 9 years. Left-hand asymmetry is specific to cortical thickness and its molecular layer in children 12 months.Conclusion. The thickness of the cerebellar cortex and its layers in the area of the lobule H VI increases during early childhood, and in the right hemisphere also during the first childhood. Reducing the diameter of the cortex and layer in the posterior lobe of the cerebellum of children from birth to 12 years of age are not detected.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of a Left Frontal Glioma on the Cortical Thickness and Complexity of Both Hemispheres

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuta Kinno ◽  
Yoshihiro Muragaki ◽  
Takashi Maruyama ◽  
Manabu Tamura ◽  
Kyohei Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Structural Effects ◽  
3D Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
Surface Based Morphometry ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Glioma is a type of brain tumor that infiltrates and compresses the brain as it grows. Focal gliomas affect functional connectivity both in the local region of the lesion and the global network of the brain. Any anatomical changes associated with a glioma should thus be clarified. We examined the cortical structures of 15 patients with a glioma in the left lateral frontal cortex and compared them with those of 15 healthy controls by surface-based morphometry. Two regional parameters were measured with 3D-MRI: the cortical thickness (CT) and cortical fractal dimension (FD). The FD serves as an index of the topological complexity of a local cortical surface. Our comparative analyses of these parameters revealed that the left frontal gliomas had global effects on the cortical structures of both hemispheres. The structural changes in the right hemisphere were mainly characterized by a decrease in CT and mild concomitant decrease in FD, whereas those in the peripheral regions of the glioma (left hemisphere) were mainly characterized by a decrease in FD with relative preservation of CT. These differences were found irrespective of tumor volume, location, or grade. These results elucidate the structural effects of gliomas, which extend to the distant contralateral regions.

scholarly journals Brain Maturation in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Regional Age-Related Changes in Cortical Thickness and White Matter Volume and Microstructure

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian K. Tamnes ◽  
Ylva Østby ◽  
Anders M. Fjell ◽  
Lars T. Westlye ◽  
Paulina Due-Tønnessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Adolescence And Young Adulthood ◽  
Age Related Changes

Dynamic cerebral reorganization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a MRI-derived cortical thickness study

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 2201-2214 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Guo ◽  
L. Palaniyappan ◽  
P. F. Liddle ◽  
J. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Cerebral Reorganization ◽  
Thickness Variations ◽  
Surface Based Morphometry ◽  
Cortical Maturation ◽  
Tissue Reduction

BackgroundA structural neuroanatomical change indicating a reduction in brain tissue is a notable feature of schizophrenia. Several pathophysiological processes such as aberrant cortical maturation, progressive tissue loss and compensatory tissue increase could contribute to the structural changes seen in schizophrenia.MethodWe studied cortical thickness using surface-based morphometry in 98 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia and 83 controls. Using a pattern classification approach, we studied whether the features that discriminate patients from controls vary across the different stages of the illness. Using a covariance analysis, we also investigated if concurrentincreasesaccompanydecreasesin cortical thickness.ResultsVery high levels of accuracy (96.3%), specificity (98.8%) and sensitivity (88%) were noted when classifying patients with <2 years of illness from controls. Within the patient group, reduced thickness was consistently accompanied by increased thickness in distributed brain regions. A pattern of cortical amelioration or normalization (i.e. reduced deviation from controls) was noted with increasing illness duration. While temporo-limbic and fronto-parietal regions showed reduced thickness, the occipital cortex showed increased thickness, especially in those with a long-standing illness.ConclusionA compensatory remodelling process might contribute to the cortical thickness variations in different stages of schizophrenia. Subtle cerebral reorganization reflecting the inherent plasticity of brain may occur concomitantly with processes contributing to tissue reduction in adult patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Relationship between Cortical Thickness and EEG Alterations during Sleep in the Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Susanna Cordone ◽  
Valentina Alfonsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
The Right

Recent evidence showed that EEG activity alterations that occur during sleep are associated with structural, age-related, changes in healthy aging brains, and predict age-related decline in memory performance. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients show specific EEG alterations during sleep associated with cognitive decline, including reduced sleep spindles during NREM sleep and EEG slowing during REM sleep. We investigated the relationship between these EEG sleep alterations and brain structure changes in a study of 23 AD patients who underwent polysomnographic recording of their undisturbed sleep and 1.5T MRI scans. Cortical thickness measures were correlated with EEG power in the sigma band during NREM sleep and with delta- and beta-power during REM sleep. Thinning in the right precuneus correlated with all the EEG indexes considered in this study. Frontal–central NREM sigma power showed an inverse correlation with thinning of the left entorhinal cortex. Increased delta activity at the frontopolar and temporal regions was significantly associated with atrophy in some temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices, and with mean thickness of the right hemisphere. Our findings revealed an association between sleep EEG alterations and the changes to AD patients’ brain structures. Findings also highlight possible compensatory processes involving the sources of frontal–central sleep spindles.

scholarly journals Structural changes in amygdala nuclei, hippocampal subfields and cortical thickness following electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: longitudinal analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 214 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Gryglewski ◽  
Pia Baldinger-Melich ◽  
René Seiger ◽  
Godber Mathis Godbersen ◽  
Paul Michenthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Treatment Resistant Depression ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Hippocampal Subfields ◽  
Transition Area ◽  
Resistant Depression ◽  
The Right

BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the treatment of choice for severe mental illness including treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Increases in volume of the hippocampus and amygdala following ECT have consistently been reported.AimsTo investigate neuroplastic changes after ECT in specific hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei using high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov – NCT02379767).MethodMRI scans were carried out in 14 patients (11 women, 46.9 years (s.d. = 8.1)) with unipolar TRD twice before and once after a series of right unilateral ECT in a pre–post study design. Volumes of subcortical structures, including subfields of the hippocampus and amygdala, and cortical thickness were extracted using FreeSurfer. The effect of ECT was tested using repeated-measures ANOVA. Correlations of imaging and clinical parameters were explored.ResultsIncreases in volume of the right hippocampus by 139.4 mm3 (s.d. = 34.9), right amygdala by 82.3 mm3 (s.d. = 43.9) and right putamen by 73.9 mm3 (s.d. = 77.0) were observed. These changes were localised in the basal and lateral nuclei, and the corticoamygdaloid transition area of the amygdala, the hippocampal–amygdaloid transition area and the granule cell and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Cortical thickness increased in the temporal, parietal and insular cortices of the right hemisphere.ConclusionsFollowing ECT structural changes were observed in hippocampal subfields and amygdala nuclei that are specifically implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and stress-related disorders and retain a high potential for neuroplasticity in adulthood.Declaration of interestS.K. has received grants/research support, consulting fees and/or honoraria within the past 3 years from Angelini, AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, AstraZeneca, Celegne GmbH, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, KRKA-Pharma, Lundbeck A/S, Neuraxpharm, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Schwabe and Servier. R.L. received travel grants and/or conference speaker honoraria from Shire, AstraZeneca, Lundbeck A/S, Dr. Willmar Schwabe GmbH, Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Janssen-Cilag Pharma GmbH, and Roche Austria GmbH.

154 Cortical thickness and sleep slow wave activity mediates age-related improvements in cognition during late adolescence

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A63-A63
Author(s):  
Ju Lynn Ong ◽  
Azrin Jamaluddin ◽  
Ruth Leong ◽  
June Lo ◽  
Michael Chee
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Slow Wave Activity ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Global Cognition

Abstract Introduction Adolescence is a period of rapid brain maturation, and studies have independently documented reductions in cortical thickness, reduced sleep slow wave activity (0.5-4Hz), and improved cognition as a child transitions into adulthood. In the present work, we investigate whether these factors interact in late adolescence. Methods 114 adolescents aged 15-19y (52 males) underwent a structural MRI scan, polysomnography (PSG) and a series of cognitive tests assessing fluid intelligence, sustained attention, speed of processing and working memory. As sleep history has been known to affect EEG measures of slow wave activity, actigraphic recordings ensured that participants received 9h of night the week prior to the PSG session. Cognitive scores were combined to obtain a single measure of global cognition. For assessment of cortical thickness, the Freesurfer (v5.3) pipeline was used to obtain measures for all regions of interest from the Desikan-Killiany cortical atlas. Pearson correlations were conducted to independently confirm associations between aging and reductions in cortical thickness, slow wave activity and improved global cognition, controlling for sex. Finally, a serial mediation model (SPSS PROCESS Model 6) was performed to test the mediating role of cortical thickness and slow wave activity between aging and global cognition. Results Reductions in EEG sleep slow wave activity, cortical thickness and improved global cognition was observed with increasing age, likely representing synaptic pruning and a decrease in waking metabolic activity that contributes to increased overall neural efficiency. Regions in the temporal and parietal areas showed the steepest age-related reductions. In addition, the age-related improvement in cognition was found to be mediated by both cortical thinning as well as reduced SWA activity, particularly in the middle temporal cortex. Conclusion The adolescent brain undergoes rapid growth in preparation for adulthood. Cortical restructuring through pruning of neural circuits during this period is associated with reduced slow wave activity, mediating the age-related improvement in cognition. Future work should investigate whether insults to the brain during this critical period alters this trajectory. Support (if any) This work was supported by grants awarded to Michael Chee (NMRC/STaR/015/2013, NRF2016-SOL002-001 and the Far East Organization).

Thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional printed functional prototypes for electro chemical energy storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamaljit Singh Boparai ◽  
Rupinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermal Characterization ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Fused Deposition

This study highlights the thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional (3D) printed functional prototypes by fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. These functional prototypes have some applications as electro-chemical energy storage devices (EESD). Initially, the suitability of ABS-Graphene composite material for FDM applications has been examined by melt flow index (MFI) test. After establishing MFI, the feedstock filament for FDM has been prepared by an extrusion process. The fabricated filament has been used for printing 3D functional prototypes for printing of in-house EESD. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis was conducted to understand the effect on glass transition temperature with the inclusion of Graphene (Gr) particles. It has been observed that the reinforced Gr particles act as a thermal reservoir (sink) and enhances its thermal/electrical conductivity. Also, FT-IR spectra realized the structural changes with the inclusion of Gr in ABS matrix. The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based micrographs for understanding the morphological changes.

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