scholarly journals Artificial intelligence enables the identification and quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edouard Evangelisti ◽  
Carl Turner ◽  
Alice McDowell ◽  
Liron Shenhav ◽  
Temur Yunusov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Fungal Colonisation ◽  
Identification And Quantification

Soil fungi establish mutualistic interactions with the roots of most vascular land plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among the most extensively characterised mycobionts to date. Current approaches to quantifying the extent of root colonisation and the relative abundance of intraradical hyphal structures in mutant roots rely on staining and human scoring involving simple, yet repetitive tasks prone to variations between experimenters. We developed the software AMFinder which allows for automatic computer vision-based identification and quantification of AM fungal colonisation and intraradical hyphal structures on ink-stained root images using convolutional neural networks. AMFinder delivered high-confidence predictions on image datasets of colonised roots of Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Oryza sativa and Nicotiana benthamiana obtained via flatbed scanning or digital microscopy enabling reproducible and transparent data analysis. A streamlined protocol for sample preparation and imaging allowed us to quantify dynamic increases in colonisation in whole root systems over time. AMFinder adapts to a wide array of experimental conditions. It enables accurate, reproducible analyses of plant root systems and will support better documentation of AM fungal colonisation analyses. AMFinder can be accessed here: https://github.com/SchornacklabSLCU/amfinder.git

scholarly journals Use of the Signature Fatty Acid 16:1ω5 as a Tool to Determine the Distribution of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Ngosong ◽  
Elke Gabriel ◽  
Liliane Ruess
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Biomass Estimation ◽  
Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Root Symbionts

Biomass estimation of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi, widespread plant root symbionts, commonly employs lipid biomarkers, predominantly the fatty acid 16:1ω5. We briefly reviewed the application of this signature fatty acid, followed by a case study comparing biochemical markers with microscopic techniques in an arable soil following a change to AM non-host plants after 27 years of continuous host crops, that is, two successive cropping seasons with wheat followed by amaranth. After switching to the non-host amaranth, spore biomass estimated by the neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA) 16:1ω5 decreased to almost nil, whereas microscopic spore counts decreased by about 50% only. In contrast, AM hyphal biomass assessed by the phospholipid (PLFA) 16:1ω5 was greater under amaranth than wheat. The application of PLFA 16:1ω5 as biomarker was hampered by background level derived from bacteria, and further enhanced by its incorporation from degrading spores used as microbial resource. Meanwhile, biochemical and morphological assessments showed negative correlation for spores and none for hyphal biomass. In conclusion, the NLFA 16:1ω5 appears to be a feasible indicator for AM fungi of the Glomales group in the complex field soils, whereas the use of PLFA 16:1ω5 for hyphae is unsuitable and should be restricted to controlled laboratory studies.

scholarly journals Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase Pb uptake of colonized and non-colonized Medicago truncatula root and deliver extra Pb to colonized root

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoqiang Zhang ◽  
Wei Ren ◽  
Yaru Zheng ◽  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Ming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Split Root ◽  
Split Root System

Abstract Aims Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiosis with terrestrial plants and improve lead (Pb) tolerance of host plants. The AM plants accumulate more Pb in root than their non-mycorrhizal counterparts. However, the direct contribution of the mycorrhizal pathway to host plant Pb uptake was less reported. Methods In this study, the AM fungi colonized and non-colonized root of Medicago truncatula was separated by a split-root system, and their differences in responding to Pb application was compared. Results Inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis increased shoot biomass accumulation and transpiration, and decreased both colonized and non-colonized root biomass accumulation. Application of Pb in the non-colonized root compartment increased the colonization rate of R. irregularis and up-regulated the relative expressions of MtPT4 and MtBCP1 in the colonized root compartment. Inoculation of R. irregularis increased the Pb uptake in both colonized and non-colonized plant root, while R. irregularis transferred Pb to the colonized root. The Pb transferred through the mycorrhizal pathway had low mobility move from root to shoot, and might be sequestrated and compartmented by R. irregularis. Conclusions The Pb uptake of plant root might follow water flow that facilitated by the aquaporin MtPIP2. The quantification of Pb transfer via mycorrhizal pathway and the involvement of MtPIP2 deserve further study.

scholarly journals Arbuscular cotton-associated mycorrhizal fungi in Yeola region of Maharashtra, India

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUDAM W PATALE
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Fungal Propagules

Mycorrhizae are a mutual symbiotic link between the plant root and a fungus that colonizes the cortical tissue of the roots during active plant growth periods. Both the host plant and the fungus have the potential to benefit.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cotton crops with AM fungal population density in rhizosphere soils, investigate the qualitative composition of AM fungal species and the percentage of root colonization. The results showed that the number of AM fungal propagules collected from different locations in cotton crops ranged from 235 to 1580 spores per 100 g of soil. The distribution of spores, density and composition of AM fungi are observed to be influenced by environmental and physicochemical factors. The AM spore number, root colonization percentage and distribution vary depending on the seasonal fluctuations in moisture, temperature, pH and soil mineral nutrient status such as OC, P2O5, K2O, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, etc. The obtained data shows that nitrogen-deficient soils had more AM fungal propagules. The soils with a high concentration of phosphorus and potassium had the least AM fungal spores. Depleted zinc, copper and manganese levels have also been positive for more fungal occurrence and distribution. The presence of high iron levels in the soil, however, encourages more AM spores and a percentage of root colonisation.

scholarly journals Growth responses of sugarcane to mycorrhizal spore density and phosphorus rate

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Kelly ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
R. C. Magarey
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
P Concentration

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mg P/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals UV-B radiation affects flavonoids and fungal colonisation in Fagopyrum esculentum and F. tataricum

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjana Regvar ◽  
Urška Bukovnik ◽  
Matevž Likar ◽  
Ivan Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Common Buckwheat ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Fungal Colonisation ◽  
Flavonoid Metabolism

AbstractIn the present study, we have evaluated the effects of increased UV-B radiation that simulates 17% ozone depletion, on fungal colonisation and concentrations of rutin, catechin and quercetin in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Induced root growth and reduced shoot:root ratios were seen in both of these buckwheat species after enhanced UV-B radiation. There was specific induction of shoot quercetin concentrations in UV-B-treated common buckwheat, whereas there were no specific responses for flavonoid metabolism in tartary buckwheat. Root colonisation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly reduced catechin concentrations in common buckwheat roots, and induced rutin concentrations in tartary buckwheat, but did not affect shoot concentrations of the measured phenolics. Specific UV-B-related reductions in the density of microsclerotia were observed in tartary buckwheat, indicating a mechanism that potentially affects fungus-plant interactions. The data support the hypothesis that responses to enhanced UV-B radiation can be influenced by the plant pre-adaptation properties and related changes in flavonoid metabolism.

scholarly journals The Pre-Symbiotic Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Is Induced by a Branching Factor Partially Purified from Plant Root Exudates

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Buee ◽  
M. Rossignol ◽  
A. Jauneau ◽  
R. Ranjeva ◽  
G. Bécard
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Flavonoid Pathway ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Nonhost Plant

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is an association between obligate biotrophic fungi and more than 80% of land plants. During the pre-symbiotic phase, the host plant releases critical metabolites necessary to trigger fungal growth and root colonization. We describe the isolation of a semipurified fraction from exudates of carrot hairy roots, highly active on germinating spores of Gigaspora gigantea, G. rosea, and G. margarita. This fraction, isolated on the basis of its activity on hyphal branching, contains a root factor (one or several molecules) that stimulates, directly or indirectly, G. gigantea nuclear division. We demonstrate the presence of this active factor in root exudates of all mycotrophic plant species tested (eight species) but not in those of nonhost plant species (four species). We negatively tested the hypothesis that it was a flavonoid or a compound synthesized via the flavonoid pathway. We propose that this root factor, yet to be chemically characterized, is a key plant signal for the development of AM fungi.

Genetic supressors of Lotus japonicus har1-1 hypernodulation show altered interactions with Glomus intraradices

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Murray ◽  
Ryan Geil ◽  
Cameron Wagg ◽  
Bogumil Karas ◽  
Krzysztof Szczyglowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Parental Line ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Genetic Suppressors ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Mutant Lines

Mutant lines of Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen that show defects in nodulation as well as in mycorrhiza formation are valuable resources for studying the events required for the establishment of functional symbioses. In this study, 11 mutant lines derived from a screen for genetic suppressors of har1-1 hypernodulation were assessed quantitatively for their ability to form arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. The presence of extraradical mycelia, appressoria, intraradical hyphae, arbuscules and vesicles were scored. Roots of the har1-1 parental line were heavily colonised by six weeks after inoculation with the AM fungus Glomus intraradices showing the typical Arum-type colonisation pattern. Five mutants lacked internal root colonisation with blocks either at the surface of epidermal cells or at the outer tangential wall of cortical cells. These AM– lines showed some differences in relation to the amount of extraradical hyphae, the number of appressoria, and the degree of abnormal appressorium morphology. Four mutants had internal root colonisation but at a lower level than the parental line. Two mutants showed no difference from the parental line. Results of this study provide additional genetic resources for studying the mechanism of root colonisation by AM fungi.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Communities in the Soils of Desert Habitats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Martti Vasar ◽  
John Davison ◽  
Siim-Kaarel Sepp ◽  
Maarja Öpik ◽  
Mari Moora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Desert Ecosystems ◽  
Fungal Dna ◽  
Root Symbionts ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal

Deserts cover a significant proportion of the Earth’s surface and continue to expand as a consequence of climate change. Mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are functionally important plant root symbionts, and may be particularly important in drought stressed systems such as deserts. Here we provide a first molecular characterization of the AM fungi occurring in several desert ecosystems worldwide. We sequenced AM fungal DNA from soil samples collected from deserts in six different regions of the globe using the primer pair WANDA-AML2 with Illumina MiSeq. We recorded altogether 50 AM fungal phylotypes. Glomeraceae was the most common family, while Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae and Acaulosporaceae were represented with lower frequency and abundance. The most diverse site, with 35 virtual taxa (VT), was in the Israeli Negev desert. Sites representing harsh conditions yielded relatively few reads and low richness estimates, for example, a Saudi Arabian desert site where only three Diversispora VT were recorded. The AM fungal taxa recorded in the desert soils are mostly geographically and ecologically widespread. However, in four sites out of six, communities comprised more desert-affiliated taxa (according to the MaarjAM database) than expected at random. AM fungal VT present in samples were phylogenetically clustered compared with the global taxon pool, suggesting that nonrandom assembly processes, notably habitat filtering, may have shaped desert fungal assemblages.

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