scholarly journals Growth responses of sugarcane to mycorrhizal spore density and phosphorus rate

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Kelly ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
J. P. Thompson ◽  
R. C. Magarey
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
P Concentration

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, commonly found in long-term cane-growing fields in northern Queensland, are linked with both negative and positive growth responses by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), depending on P supply. A glasshouse trial was established to examine whether AM density might also have an important influence on these growth responses. Mycorrhizal spores (Glomus clarum), isolated from a long-term cane block in northern Queensland, were introduced into a pasteurised low-P cane soil at 5 densities (0, 0.06, 0.25, 1, 4 spores/g soil) and with 4 P treatments (0, 8.2, 25, and 47 mg/kg). At 83 days after planting, sugarcane tops responded positively to P fertilizer, although responses attributable to spore density were rarely observed. In one case, addition of 4 spores/g led to a 53% yield response over those without AM at 8 mg P/kg, or a relative benefit of 17 mg P/kg. Root colonisation was reduced for plants with nil or 74 mg P/kg. For those without AM, P concentration in the topmost visible dewlap (TVD) leaf increased significantly with fertiliser P (0.07 v. 0.15%). However, P concentration increased further with the presence of AM spores. Irrespective of AM, the critical P concentration in the TVD leaf was 0.18%. This study confirms earlier reports that sugarcane is poorly responsive to AM. Spore density, up to 4 spores/g soil, appears unable to influence this responsiveness, either positively or negatively. Attempts to gain P benefits by increasing AM density through rotation seem unlikely to lead to yield increases by sugarcane. Conversely, sugarcane grown in fields with high spore densities and high plant-available P, such as long-term cane-growing soils, is unlikely to suffer a yield reduction from mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Effects of Metal Phytoextraction Practices on the Indigenous Community of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi at a Metal-Contaminated Landfill

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2526-2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa E. Pawlowska ◽  
Rufus L. Chaney ◽  
Mel Chin ◽  
Iris Charvat
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Negative Effect

ABSTRACT Phytoextraction involves use of plants to remove toxic metals from soil. We examined the effects of phytoextraction practices with three plant species (Silene vulgaris, Thlaspi caerulescens, and Zea mays) and a factorial variation of soil amendments (either an ammonium or nitrate source of nitrogen and the presence or absence of an elemental sulfur supplement) on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes) at a moderately metal-contaminated landfill located in St. Paul, Minn. Specifically, we tested whether the applied treatments affected the density of glomalean spores and AM root colonization in maize. Glomalean fungi from the landfill were grouped into two morphotypes characterized by either light-colored spores (LCS) or dark-colored spores (DCS). Dominant species of the LCS morphotype were Glomus mosseae and an unidentified Glomus sp., whereas the DCS morphotype was dominated by Glomus constrictum. The density of spores of the LCS morphotype from the phytoremediated area was lower than the density of these spores in the untreated landfill soil. Within the experimental area, spore density of the LCS morphotype in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal maize was significantly higher than in rhizospheres of nonmycorrhizal S. vulgaris or T. caerulescens. Sulfur supplement increased vesicular root colonization in maize and exerted a negative effect on spore density in maize rhizosphere. We conclude that phytoextraction practices, e.g., the choice of plant species and soil amendments, may have a great impact on the quantity and species composition of glomalean propagules as well as on mycorrhiza functioning during long-term metal-remediation treatments.

scholarly journals Response of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Simulated Climate Changes by Reciprocal Translocation in Tibetan Plateau

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-493
Author(s):  
Zhaoyong SHI ◽  
Xubin YIN ◽  
Bede MICKAN ◽  
Fayuan WANG ◽  
Ying ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Reciprocal Translocation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Colonization Frequency

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi are considered as an important factor in predicting plants and ecosystem responses to climate changes on a global scale. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest region on Earth with abundant natural resources and one of the most sensitive region to climate changes. To evaluate the complex response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and spore density to climate changes, a reciprocal translocation experiment was employed in Tibetan Plateau. The reciprocal translocation of quadrats to AM colonization and spore density were dynamic. Mycorrhizal colonization frequency presented contrary changed trend with elevations of quadrat translocation. Colonization frequency reduced or increased in majority quadrats translocated from low to high or from high to low elevation. Responses of colonization intensity to translocation of quadrats were more sensitive than colonization frequency. Arbuscular colonization showed inconsistent trend in increased or decreased quadrat. Vesicle colonization decreased with changed of quadrat from low to high elevations. However, no significant trend was observed. Although spore density was dynamic with signs of decreasing or increasing in translocated quadrats, the majority enhanced and declined respectively in descent and ascent quadrat treatments. It is crucial to understand the interactions between AM fungi and prairie grasses to accurately predict effects of climate change on these diverse and sensitive ecosystems. This study provided an opportunity for understanding the effect of climate changes on AM fungi.

scholarly journals Environmental factors driving arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with endemic woody plant Picconiaazorica on native forest of Azores

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (13) ◽  
pp. 1309-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Drumonde Melo ◽  
Christopher Walker ◽  
Claudia Krüger ◽  
Paulo A.V. Borges ◽  
Sara Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Environmental Filters ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Amf Communities

Abstract Purpose Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important key roles in the soil ecosystems as they link plants to the root-inaccessible part of soil. The aims of this study were to investigate which environmental factors influence the spatial and temporal structuring of AMF communities associated to Picconia azorica in two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel islands), and investigate the seasonal variation in AMF communities between the two islands. Methods Communities of AMF associated with P. azorica in native forest of two Azorean islands (Terceira and São Miguel) were characterised by spore morphology or molecular analysis. Results Forty-five AMF spore morphotypes were detected from the four fragments of P. azorica forest representing nine families of AMF. Acaulosporaceae (14) and Glomeraceae (9) were the most abundant families. AMF density and root colonisation varied significantly between islands and sampling sites. Root colonisation and spore density exhibited temporal patterns, which peaked in spring and were higher in Terceira than in São Miguel. The relative contribution of environmental factors showed that factors such as elevation, relative air humidity, soil pH, and soil available P, K, and Mg influenced AMF spore production and root colonisation. Conclusion Different sporulation patterns exhibited by the members of the commonest families suggested different life strategies. Adaptation to a particular climatic and soil condition and host phenology may explain seasonal differences in sporulation patterns. Cohorts of AMF associated to P. azorica are shaped by regional processes including environmental filters such as soil properties and natural disturbance.

scholarly journals Infection intensity, spore density and inoculum potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decrease during secondary succession in tropical Brazilian ecosystems

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldemar Zangaro ◽  
Adrielly Pereira Ansanelo ◽  
Luis Eduardo Azevedo Marques Lescano ◽  
Ricardo de Almeida Alves ◽  
Artur Berbel Lírio Rondina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Inoculum Potential ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Successional Stages

Abstract:Little is known about the relationship involving arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and functional groups of plants that characterize different phases of tropical succession. We appraised the AM infection intensity of root cortex and spore density in the soil in sites over tropical successional gradients (grassland, secondary forest and mature forest) for several years in Araucaria, Atlantic and Pantanal ecosystems in Brazil. The intensity of AM infection decreased with advancing successional stages in all ecosystems and it was around 60–80% in early stages of succession, 37–56% in secondary forests and 19–29% in mature forests. Similarly, the AM spore number also decreased with advancing succession and was the highest in early stages (73–123 g−1), intermediate in secondary forests (32–54 g−1) and lowest in the mature forests (10–23 g−1). To verify whether such reductions influenced the potential of AM inoculum in soil, seedlings of Heliocarpus popayanensis (Malvaceae) were grown as test plants in soils obtained from five grasslands, five young secondary forests, and five mature forests in the Atlantic ecosystem. The soil inocula from the grasslands and secondary forests were 7.6 and 5.7 times more effective in stimulating seedling growth than inocula from the mature forests, respectively. Our results show that plant species in grasslands and young secondary forests stimulate the multiplication of AM fungi, leading to a higher potential of the AM inoculum. In later-successional stages, plant investment in AM fungi decreases and the potential of the AM inoculum is also reduced.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Plant Diversity, Density and Productivity of Spring Ephemeral Community in Desert Ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyong SHI ◽  
Yongming WANG ◽  
Shouxia XU ◽  
Zhijian LAN ◽  
Bede S. MICKAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Desert Ecosystem ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Soil Cores

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form intimate associations with the roots of about 85% of all terrestrial plants, and can greatly increase a plant’s uptake of soil nutrients and have been shown to influence plant diversity in several ecosystems. A lot of studies have reported the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on plant density, species diversity, richness and productivity in desert herbland in Gurbantonggut desert, China. Here, we conduct a mycorrhizal functional study by suppressing AM fungi by applying the fungicide benomyl as a soil drench in soil cores and field in-situ experiment. The mycorrhiza-responsiveness of the dominant species Erodium oxyrrhynchum is assessed in intact soil cores containing the indigenous AM fungi. The soil-cores experiment displayed E. oxyrrhynchum to have a significant positive shoot and root growth response, and this is in response to the abundance of the indigenous AM fungal colonisation. The field experiment indicates the total aboveground dry biomass is negatively influenced by the suppression of AM fungi, though, no significant effect produced in the dominant and common plant species. The fungal suppression also affected density, species diversity and richness. The density of non-mycorrhizal plant Alyssum linifolium increases significantly in the treatment of suppressed AM fungi. The spore density decreases significantly in benomyl-treated plots. Our results showed that AM fungi were very important in desert ecosystem for the maintaining of plant biodiversity, richness and productivity.

scholarly journals Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi : Diversity and Its Impact with Abiotic Factors in Phoenix dactylifera L. of Kachchh Region, Gujarat, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Dipika J. Dalal ◽  
Hitesh Solanki
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera L ◽  
Agricultural Site

Mycorrhizal diversity of non-agricultural sites from Madhapar, Reladi and Anjar region of Kachchh regions were studied. Date palm is an economically important plant in dry lands of the world approach towards an investigation of AM fungi diversity and their association with the date palm in Kachchh. This is important to understand the root colonization, spore analysis and spore density in the study. The study is about the composition of AM fungi at an agricultural site. Also to understand the relevance of species composition and their relationship with abiotic factors. In the present work soil of agricultural field has been taken into consideration to understand the relevance.

scholarly journals Artificial intelligence enables the identification and quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edouard Evangelisti ◽  
Carl Turner ◽  
Alice McDowell ◽  
Liron Shenhav ◽  
Temur Yunusov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Fungal Colonisation ◽  
Identification And Quantification

Soil fungi establish mutualistic interactions with the roots of most vascular land plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are among the most extensively characterised mycobionts to date. Current approaches to quantifying the extent of root colonisation and the relative abundance of intraradical hyphal structures in mutant roots rely on staining and human scoring involving simple, yet repetitive tasks prone to variations between experimenters. We developed the software AMFinder which allows for automatic computer vision-based identification and quantification of AM fungal colonisation and intraradical hyphal structures on ink-stained root images using convolutional neural networks. AMFinder delivered high-confidence predictions on image datasets of colonised roots of Medicago truncatula, Lotus japonicus, Oryza sativa and Nicotiana benthamiana obtained via flatbed scanning or digital microscopy enabling reproducible and transparent data analysis. A streamlined protocol for sample preparation and imaging allowed us to quantify dynamic increases in colonisation in whole root systems over time. AMFinder adapts to a wide array of experimental conditions. It enables accurate, reproducible analyses of plant root systems and will support better documentation of AM fungal colonisation analyses. AMFinder can be accessed here: https://github.com/SchornacklabSLCU/amfinder.git

scholarly journals Differences in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi among Three Coffee Cultivars in Puerto Rico

ISRN Agronomy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia Lebrón ◽  
D. Jean Lodge ◽  
Paul Bayman
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mycorrhizal Interactions

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is important for growth of coffee (Coffea arabica), but differences among coffee cultivars in response to mycorrhizal interactions have not been studied. We compared arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) extraradical hyphae in the soil and diversity of AM fungi among three coffee cultivars, Caturra, Pacas, and Borbón, at three farms in Puerto Rico. Caturra had significantly lower total extraradical AM hyphal length than Pacas and Borbón at all locations. P content did not differ among cultivars. Extraradical hyphal lengths differed significantly among locations. Although the same morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungal spores were present in the rhizosphere of the three cultivars and total spore density did not differ significantly, frequencies of spore morphotypes differed significantly among cultivars. Spore morphotypes were typical of Glomus and Sclerocystis. Levels of soil nutrients did not explain differences in AM colonzation among cultivars. The cultivar Caturra is a mutant of Borbón and has apparently lost Borbón’s capacity to support and benefit from an extensive network of AM hyphae in the soil. Widespread planting of Caturra, which matures earlier and has higher yield if fertilized, may increase dependence on fertilizers.

scholarly journals Phosphorus is a critical factor of the in vitro monoxenic culture method for a wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi culture collections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takumi Sato ◽  
Kenta Suzuki ◽  
Erika Usui ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractEstablishing an effective way to propagate a wide range of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi species is desirable for mycorrhizal research and agricultural applications. Although the success of mycorrhizal formation is required for spore production of AM fungi, the critical factors for its construction in the in vitro monoxenic culture protocol remain to be identified. In this study, we evaluated the growth of hairy roots from carrot, flax, and chicory, and investigated the effects of the phosphorus (P) concentration in the mother plate, as well as the levels of P, sucrose, and macronutrients in a cocultivation plate with a hairy root, amount of medium of the cocultivation plate, and location of spore inoculation, by utilizing the Bayesian information criterion model selection with greater than 800 units of data. We found that the flax hairy root was suitable for in vitro monoxenic culture, and that the concentration of P in the cocultivation plate was a critical factor for mycorrhizal formation. We showed that an extremely low concentration of P (3 μM) significantly improved mycorrhizal formation for AM fungi belonging to the Glomerales order, while a high concentration of P (30 μM) was suitable for Diversisporales fungi. Therefore, we anticipate that the refining the P concentration will contribute to future culture collections of a wide range of AM fungi.

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