flavonoid pathway
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Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Carmen Arlotta ◽  
Valeria Toscano ◽  
Claudia Genovese ◽  
Pietro Calderaro ◽  
Giuseppe Diego Puglia ◽  
...  

The nutraceutical value of pomegranate in the treatment of many diseases is well-documented and is linked to its richness in phenolic compounds. This study aims to evaluate the nutraceutical and genetic diversity of novel pomegranate genotypes (G1–G5) in comparison to leading commercial pomegranate varieties, i.e., ‘Wonderful’, ‘Primosole’, ‘Dente di Cavallo’ and ‘Valenciana’. Morphometric measurements were carried out on fruits, accompanied by chemical characterization (total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, carbohydrates and minerals) and the development of four new polymorphic SSR markers involved in the flavonoid pathway. The cultivars displayed a marked variability in the weight and shape of the fruits, as well as in the weight of the arils and juice yield. The highest level of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was found in ‘Wonderful’ and G4, while the lowest was in ‘Dente di Cavallo’. Furthermore, the results showed that pomegranate juice is an excellent source of minerals, especially potassium, which plays a key role in organ functioning. The new flavonoid-related markers effectively differentiated the cultivars with the same diversity pattern as morpho-chemical characterization, so the SSRs developed in the present study can be used as a rapid tool for the identification of pomegranate cultivars with relevant nutraceutical traits, such as the new genotypes investigated.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Hao-Cheng Lu ◽  
Wei-Kai Chen ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Xian-Jin Bai ◽  
Guo Cheng ◽  
...  

Under the double cropping system, berries usually showed significant quality variations in the summer and winter seasons. In the two-year/four-consecutive-season study, two table grapes of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ and ‘Victoria’ were investigated to determine the phenolic compounds in their berries. Different from those of the summer season, the berries in the winter season suffered no high-temperature stress since veraison to harvest in 2014 and 2015. The variations in the season temperatures led to a higher anthocyanin concentration in the winter season berries of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grapes than that in the summer berries, while the summer season berries had higher proportions of acylated and methylated anthocyanins than those in the winter season berries. Similar to the anthocyanins, the winter season berries also had a higher flavonol concentration in both varieties. Transcriptome analysis showed that the upregulated genes involved in the flavonoid pathway in the winter season berries were agreed with the changes found in the metabolites. However, the influence of the growing seasons on the flavanols was not consistent in the two varieties, and the variations in VviLARs between the grapes of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ and ‘Victoria’ might be the cause. This research helped us better understand the double cropping system and how the climate factors affected the phenolic compounds in the double cropping system.


Author(s):  
Carmen Arlotta ◽  
Valeria Toscano ◽  
Claudia Genovese ◽  
Pietro Calderaro ◽  
Giuseppe Diego Puglia ◽  
...  

The nutraceutical value of pomegranate in the treatment of many neoplastic, cardiovascular, viral, inflammatory, metabolic, microbial, intestinal, reproductive and skin diseases is well-documented and is linked to its richness in phenolic compounds. This study aims to evaluate nutraceutical and genetic diversity of novel pomegranate genotypes (G1-G5) in comparison to leading commercial pomegranate varieties i.e. ‘Wonderful’, ‘Primosole’, ‘Dente di Cavallo’ and ‘Valenciana’. Morphometric measurements were carried out on fruits, accompanied by chemical characterization and the development of four new polymorphic SSR markers involved in the flavonoid pathway. The cultivars displayed a marked variability in the weight and shape of fruits, as well as in the weight of arils and juice yield. The highest level of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was found in ‘Wonderful’ and G4, while the lowest was in ‘Dente di Cavallo’. Furthermore, the results showed that the pomegranate juice, is an excellent source of minerals, especially potassium, which plays a key role in organ functioning. The new flavonoid-related markers effectively differentiated the cultivars with the same diversity pattern as morpho-chemical characterization, so the SSRs developed in the present study can be used as a rapid tool for the identification of pomegranate cultivars with relevant nutraceutical traits.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Jie Zhou ◽  
Zhiqiang Geng ◽  
Yuxi Wang ◽  
Yiguang Wang ◽  
Shenhui Liu ◽  
...  

AbstractFlavones are among the major colorless pigments synthesized through branches of the flavonoid pathway in plants. However, due to the absence of a gene encoding flavone synthase (FNS) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana species, the regulatory mechanism of FNS-catalyzed flavone biosynthesis has rarely been studied in plants. Here, it was found that flavones play a predominant role in the elimination of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) at high temperatures in colorless plant organs. A novel atypical subgroup 7 (SG7) R2R3-MYB transcription factor, CmMYB012, was found to be induced in response to prolonged high temperatures and to inhibit flavone biosynthesis by directly regulating CmFNS. Moreover, CmMYB012 was also found to inhibit anthocyanin biosynthesis by suppressing the expression of CmCHS, CmDFR, CmANS, and CmUFGT. CmMYB012 overexpression exerted a negative influence on plant fitness and pink flower color formation, while CmMYB012 suppression had the opposite effect in response to high temperatures. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which high temperatures regulate the metabolism of flavones and anthocyanins to affect plant fitness and flower color formation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi Zhu ◽  
Xueying Guo ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Dongqin Tang

Freesia hybrida is rich in flower colors with beautiful flower shapes and pleasant aroma. Flavonoids are vital to the color formation of its flowers. In this study, five Freesia cultivars with different flower colors were used to study on the level of accumulation of their flavonoids and expression of flavonoid-related genes and further explore new novel transcription factor (TF). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and VION ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine the flavonoids. Combined with transcriptome sequencing technology, the molecular mechanism of the flavonoid metabolism difference in Freesia was revealed. A total of 10 anthoxanthin components and 12 anthocyanin components were detected using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. All six common anthocyanin aglycones in high plants, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin, were detected in Freesia at first time in this study. In orange, yellow, and white cultivars, anthoxanthins gradually decreased with the opening of the petals, while in red and purple cultivars, anthoxanthins first increased and then decreased. No anthocyanin was detected in yellow and white cultivars, while anthocyanins increased with the opening of the petals and reached their maximum at the flowering stage (S3) in other three cultivars. The correlation analysis revealed that the color of Freesia petals was closely related to the composition and content of anthoxanthins and anthocyanins. Petals of five cultivars at S3 were then selected for transcriptome sequencing by using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform, and a total of 100,539 unigenes were obtained. There were totally 5,162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when the four colored cultivars were compared with the white cultivar at S3. Comparing all DEGs with gene ontology (GO), KEGG, and Pfam databases, it was found that the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly different. In addition, AP2, WRKY, and bHLH TF families ranked the top three among all differently expressed TFs in all DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of the structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Freesia. The results showed that metabolic process was affected significantly by structural genes in this pathway, such as CHS1, CHI2, DFR1, ANS1, 3GT1, and FLS1. Cluster analysis was performed by using all annotated WRKY and AP2 TFs and the above structural genes based on their relatively expression. Four novel candidate TFs of WRKY and AP2 family were screened. Their spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed that these four novel TFs may participate in the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis, thus controlling its color formation in Freesia petals.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0260004
Author(s):  
Haiying Yang ◽  
Changping Tian ◽  
Shujun Ji ◽  
Fengzhu Ni ◽  
Xinguang Fan ◽  
...  

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.), one of the most appreciated and most important commercial temperate fruits, has high sensory quality and nutritional value. Investigating its metabolic variations provides valuable information on the formation of fruit quality. In this study, widely targeted LC-MS/MS based metabolomics was used to identify and quantify metabolic changes during ‘Black Pearl’ sweet cherry development and ripening. A total of 263 significant differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were detected during the four fruit-development stages. Significant differences were observed in the composition and content of compounds in the four stages of cherry development, especially sugars, organic acids, and flavonoids. Moreover, transcriptome analysis provided a molecular basis for metabolic variations during fruit development. A total of 6724 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Further correlation analysis of major DEMs and DEGs showed that 19 key DEGs were involved in sugar metabolism, 23 key DEGs in organic acid metabolism, and 13 key DEGs in flavonoid metabolism. The upregulated genes involved in the flavonoid pathway probably play an important role in regulating the rapid increase of anthocyanin content during fruit development. These comprehensive analysis data provide a better understanding to improve fruit quality traits based on molecular and metabolic levels.


Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6745
Author(s):  
Yueyue Wang ◽  
Yufeng Shi ◽  
Kaiyuan Li ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Nana Liu ◽  
...  

The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-OGD) superfamily is one of the largest protein families in plants. The main oxidation reactions they catalyze in plants are hydroxylation, desaturation, demethylation, epimerization, and halogenation. Four members of the 2-OGD superfamily, i.e., flavonone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), flavones synthase I (FNS I), flavonol synthase (FLS), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)/leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), are present in the flavonoid pathway, catalyzing hydroxylation and desaturation reactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on these proteins, from the discovery of their enzymatic activity, to their functional verification, to the analysis of the response they mediate in plants towards adversity. Substrate diversity analysis indicated that F3H, FNS Ⅰ, ANS/LDOX, and FLS perform their respective dominant functions in the flavonoid pathway, despite the presence of functional redundancy among them. The phylogenetic tree classified two types of FNS Ⅰ, one mainly performing FNS activity, and the other, a new type of FNS present in angiosperms, mainly involved in C-5 hydroxylation of SA. Additionally, a new class of LDOXs is highlighted, which can catalyze the conversion of (+)-catechin to cyanidin, further influencing the starter and extension unit composition of proanthocyanidins (PAs). The systematical description of the functional diversity and evolutionary relationship among these enzymes can facilitate the understanding of their impacts on plant metabolism. On the other hand, it provides molecular genetic evidence of the chemical evolution of flavonoids from lower to higher plants, promoting plant adaptation to harsh environments.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherin Jose ◽  
Joel Abbey ◽  
Laura Jaakola ◽  
David Percival

Abstract Background Monilinia blight caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey (M.vc) is a major disease of wild blueberry that can result in severe crop losses in the absence of an integrated disease management programme. The fungus causes blight in the emerging floral and vegetative buds, but the degree of susceptibility varies among the different wild blueberry phenotypes, ranging from the highly susceptible V. a. f. nigrum to the moderately susceptible V. angustifolium and the least susceptible V. myrtilloides. Results The present study evaluated the defense responses of these major phenotypes during their primary infection (floral buds) with M.vc. The temporal expression profiles of PR genes (PR3 and PR4) and the flavonoid pathway structural genes (CHS, ANS, ANR, DFR and FLS) were analysed. The PR3 and PR4 gene expression profiles revealed that V. myrtilloides responded to M.vc infection by activating the expression of both PR genes. V. a. f. nigrum, on the other hand, failed to activate these genes, while V. angustifolium, exhibited an intermediate response. Our study with the flavonoid pathway genes indicated variability in activation of the genes during post-infection time points with ANS and ANR in V. myrtilloides, FLS in V. angustifolium and no response observed in V. a. f. nigrum. Conclusions Altogether, this study highlights that the degree of phenotype susceptibility is associated with the timely activation of host defense responsive genes. Data obtained in this study provided a starting point for a better understanding of the wild blueberry- M. vaccinii-corymbosi pathosystem.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Wheeler ◽  
Joseph F. Walker ◽  
Julienne Ng ◽  
Rocio Deanna ◽  
Amy Dunbar-Wallis ◽  
...  

Evolutionary transitions in flower color often trace back to changes in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and its regulators. In angiosperms, this pathway produces a range of red, purple, and blue anthocyanin pigments. Transcription factor (TF) complexes involving members of the MYB, bHLH, and WD40 protein families control the expression of pathway enzymes. Here, we investigate flavonoid pathway evolution in the Petunieae clade of the tomato family (Solanaceae). Using transcriptomic data from 69 species of Petunieae, we estimated a new phylogeny for the clade. For the 65 species with floral transcriptomes, we retrieved transcripts encoding homologs of 18 enzymes and transcription factors to investigate patterns of evolution across genes and lineages. We found that TFs exhibit faster rates of molecular evolution than their targets, with the highly specialized MYB genes evolving fastest. Using the largest comparative dataset to date, we recovered little support for the hypothesis that upstream enzymes evolve slower than those occupying more downstream positions. However, expression levels inversely correlated with molecular evolutionary rates, while shifts in floral pigmentation were weakly related to changes affecting coding regions. Nevertheless, shifts in floral pigmentation and presence/absence patterns of MYB transcripts are strongly correlated. Intensely pigmented and patterned species express homologs of all three main MYB anthocyanin activators in petals, while pale or white species express few or none. Our findings reinforce the notion that regulators of the flavonoid pathway have a dynamic history, involving higher rates of molecular evolution than structural components, along with frequent changes in expression during color transitions.


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