scholarly journals Nano-CT characterization reveals coordinated growth of a rudimentary organ necessary for soldier development in the antPheidole hyatti

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Koch ◽  
Rui Tahara ◽  
Angelly Vasquez-Correa ◽  
Ehab Abouheif
Keyword(s):  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Minor Worker ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Worker Caste ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Coordination Patterns

AbstractThe growth of imaginal discs in holometabolous insects is coordinated with larval growth to ensure the symmetrical and proportional development of the adult appendages. In ants, the differential growth of these discs generates distinct castes – the winged male and queen castes and the wingless worker caste. In the hyperdiverse ant genusPheidole, the worker caste is composed of two morphologically distinct subcastes: small minor workers and larger, big-headed soldiers. Although these worker subcastes are completely wingless, soldier larvae develop rudimentary forewing discs that are necessary for generating the disproportionate head-to-body scaling of the big-headed soldier subcaste. However, it remains unclear whether rudimentary forewing discs in soldier larvae are coordinated with other imaginal discs, and whether disc growth and coordination patterns vary between the minor worker and soldier subcastes. Here we show, using quantitative nano-CT three-dimensional analyses, that growth of the soldier rudimentary forewing discs is coordinated with the increase in volume of the leg and eye-antennal (head) discs as well as with larval size. We found that the growth rate of the rudimentary forewing discs differs from the leg discs but is similar to the growth of the head (eye-antennal) discs relative to larval size, suggesting that growth of each type of imaginal disc may be differentially regulated. In addition to their larger size, the soldier eye-antennal discs increase in width as they undergo morphogenesis to generate the characteristic shape of the large soldier head, suggesting that the rudimentary forewing discs may regulate their patterning in addition to their growth. Finally, we observe little growth of the leg and eye-antennal discs during the bipotential stage, while in minor worker development these discs grow at similar rates to one another in coordination with larval size to generate the smaller minor worker subcaste. Our results suggest that rudimentary organs with regulatory functions may participate in new patterns of inter-organ coordination and regulation to produce novel phenotypes and complex worker caste systems. We provide characterization of larval development and imaginal disc growth and morphogenesis with the aim of highlighting this as an emerging system for the study of rudimentary organs during development and evolution.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional quantification of twisting in the Arabidopsis petiole

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuta Otsuka ◽  
Hirokazu Tsukaya
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Observation Angle ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Twisting Angle

AbstractOrganisms have a variety of three-dimensional (3D) structures that change over time. These changes include twisting, which is 3D deformation that cannot happen in two dimensions. Twisting is linked to important adaptive functions of organs, such as adjusting the orientation of leaves and flowers in plants to align with environmental stimuli (e.g. light, gravity). Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism for twisting remains to be determined, partly because there is no rigorous method for quantifying the twisting of plant organs. Conventional studies have relied on approximate measurements of the twisting angle in 2D, with arbitrary choices of observation angle. Here, we present the first rigorous quantification of the 3D twisting angles of Arabidopsis petioles based on light sheet microscopy. Mathematical separation of bending and twisting with strict definition of petiole cross-sections were implemented; differences in the spatial distribution of bending and twisting were detected via the quantification of angles along the petiole. Based on the measured values, we discuss that minute degrees of differential growth can result in pronounced twisting in petioles.

double-time is identical to discs overgrown, which is required for cell survival, proliferation and growth arrest in Drosophila imaginal discs

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 5409-5420 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Zilian ◽  
E. Frei ◽  
R. Burke ◽  
D. Brentrup ◽  
T. Gutjahr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Survival ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Arrest ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Casein Kinase I ◽  
Double Time

We have isolated the discs overgrown gene of Drosophila and shown that it encodes a homolog of the Casein kinase I(delta)/(epsilon) subfamily and is identical to the double-time gene. However, in contrast to the weak double-time alleles, which appear to affect only the circadian rhythm, discs overgrown alleles, including bona fide null alleles, show strong effects on cell survival and growth control in imaginal discs. Analysis of their phenotypes and molecular lesions suggests that the Discs overgrown protein is a crucial component in the mechanism that links cell survival during proliferation to growth arrest in imaginal discs. This work provides the first analysis in a multicellular organism of Casein kinase I(delta)/(epsilon) functions necessary for survival. Since the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures of Casein kinase I(delta)/(epsilon) enzymes are highly conserved, the results suggest that these proteins may also function in controlling cell growth and survival in other organisms.

A one-dimensional coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular framework:catena-poly[[[(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)cadmium(II)]-μ3-4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoato] trihydrate]

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Jian-Qing Tao ◽  
Xiao-Juan Xu ◽  
Chun-Yun Tan
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polymeric Compound ◽  
Chain Polymer ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Carboxylate Groups ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Coordination Patterns

In the title mixed-ligand metal–organic polymeric compound, {[Cd(C14H8O6S)(C16H16N2)]·3H2O}n, the asymmetric unit contains a crystallographically unique CdIIatom, one doubly deprotonated 4,4′-sulfonyldibenzoic acid (H2SDBA) ligand, one 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (TMPHEN) molecule and three solvent water molecules. Each CdIIcentre is six-coordinated by two O atoms from a chelating carboxylate group of a SDBA2−ligand, two O atoms from monodentate carboxylate groups of two different SDBA2−ligands and two N atoms from a chelating TMPHEN ligand. There are two coordination patterns for the carboxylate groups of the SDBA2−ligand, with one in a μ1-η1:η1chelating mode and the other in a μ2-η1:η1bis-monodentate mode. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the title compound is a one-dimensional double-chain polymer containing 28-membered rings based on the [Cd2(CO2)2] rhomboid subunit. More interestingly, a chair-shaped water hexamer cluster is observed in the compound.

Effects of density and food limitation on size variation and mortality of larval Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 1824-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Hanes ◽  
Jan J. H. Ciborowski
Keyword(s):  
Food Limitation ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Detroit River ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Growth Differences

Natural populations of the burrowing mayfly belonging to the genus Hexagenia are characterized by unusually broad size-frequency distributions. Environmental features are often invoked to explain among-populations growth differences. We used a 4 × 4 factorial design to investigate differences in mean larval size and mortality of Hexagenia reared at different densities and food levels over four time intervals (30, 60, 90, and 120 d) in the laboratory. Larvae were hatched from eggs collected from imagoes at the Detroit River near Windsor, Ontario. Although neither density nor food limitation influenced larval growth at either 30 or 60 d growth, the number of days required for eggs to hatch did significantly influence larval growth at this time. At 30 d growth, larvae that hatched after 6 d incubation were significantly smaller than larvae that required an additional day to hatch (7 d). At both 30 and 60 d, larvae that hatched after 6 d incubation had lower mortality than larvae that hatched after 7 d. At 90 and 120 d growth, density and food significantly influenced larval size and mortality. Larvae reared at low density and with a high food level attained the largest size. Mortality increased under stressed conditions (high density and (or) low food level). Since endogenous features (day of hatch) can be important early in larval development (at 30 or 60 d), such features may contribute to the outcome of competitive events that occur later in development (at 90 or 120 d), when exogenous factors (density and food) become significant.

scholarly journals The role of CTCF in regulating nuclear organization

2008 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Williams ◽  
Richard A. Flavell
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Nuclear Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Binding Factor ◽  
Long Range Interactions ◽  
Regulatory Functions

The spatial organization of the genome is thought to play an important part in the coordination of gene regulation. New techniques have been used to identify specific long-range interactions between distal DNA sequences, revealing an ever-increasing complexity to nuclear organization. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a versatile zinc finger protein with diverse regulatory functions. New data now help define how CTCF mediates both long-range intrachromosomal and interchromosomal interactions, and highlight CTCF as an important factor in determining the three-dimensional structure of the genome.

scholarly journals Embryonic and larval development is conditioned by water temperature and maternal origin of eggs in the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 452-463
Author(s):  
Jimena Pía-Fernández ◽  
Florencia Belén-Chaar ◽  
Lucía Epherra ◽  
Jorge-Marcelo González-Aravena ◽  
Tamara Rubilar
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development

Introduction: Embryonic and larval development in sea urchins is highly dependent on maternal nutritional status and on the environmental conditions of the seawater. Objective: To compare the development of Arbacia dufresnii in two different water temperatures and in progeny with varying maternal origins. Methods: We induced A. dufresnii females and males from Nuevo Gulf to spawn, collected the eggs of each female individually (progeny), separated them into two seawater temperatures (12 and 17 °C), and fertilized them. We recorded the percentage of fertilized eggs and embryos per developmental stage according to time, temperature and progeny. We measured larval growth by total length (TL) and midline body length (M) according to time post fecundation (DPF), temperature, and progeny. Results: Temperature did not affect fertilization, but embryo development was faster and more synchronized in the high temperature treatment. The generalized linear models indicate that embryo development depends on a quadruple interaction between the embryonic stage, time (h), seawater temperature and progeny. Larval growth was faster, producing larger larvae at the highest temperature. Larval growth depends on a triple interaction between time (DPF), seawater temperature and progeny. Conclusions: We found a temperature and progeny impact during embryonic and larval development and, in both cases, these factors generate a synergistic effect on developmental timing and larval size. This probably provides a survival advantage as a more rapid speed of development implies a decrease in the time spent in the water column, where the sea urchins are vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stressors.

scholarly journals The histone demethylase KDM5 is essential for larval growth in Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralie Drelon ◽  
Helen M. Belalcazar ◽  
Julie Secombe
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Imaginal Discs ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Histone Demethylase ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Demethylase Activity ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

AbstractRegulated gene expression is necessary for developmental and homeostatic processes. The KDM5 family of proteins are histone H3 lysine 4 demethylases that can regulate transcription through both demethylase-dependent and independent mechanisms. While loss and overexpression of KDM5 proteins are linked to intellectual disability and cancer, respectively, their normal developmental functions remain less characterized. Drosophila melanogaster provides an ideal system to investigate KDM5 function, as it encodes a single ortholog in contrast to the four paralogs found in mammalian cells. To examine the consequences of complete loss of KDM5, we generated a null allele of Drosophila kdm5, also known as little imaginal discs (lid), and show that it is essential for development. Animals lacking KDM5 die during late pupal development but show a dramatically delayed larval development that coincides with decreased proliferation and increased cell death in imaginal discs. Interestingly, this developmental delay is independent of the well-characterized Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-encoded histone demethylase activity and plant homedomain (PHD) motif-mediated chromatin binding activities of KDM5, suggesting key functions for less characterized domains. Consistent with the phenotypes observed, transcriptome analyses of kdm5 null mutant wing imaginal discs revealed the dysregulation of genes involved in several cellular processes, including cell cycle progression and DNA repair. Together, our data provide the first description of complete loss of KDM5 function in a metazoan and offer an invaluable tool for defining the biological activities of KDM5 family proteins.

Age structure and growth pattern in two populations of the golden-striped salamander Chioglossa lusitanica (Caudata, Salamandridae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Larval Size ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Chioglossa Lusitanica

AbstractWe studied age structure and growth in two populations of the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica, in northern Portugal by cohort analysis and skeletochronology. Lines of Arrested Growth (LAG) deposited during the larval phase could be distinguished from LAG deposited after metamorphosis. One or two LAG were found in larvae, with counts corresponding to age in years as predicted from larval size distributions. Post-metamorphic modal age was 5 to 6 years and longevity was 8 years. Von Bertalanffy growth curves for males and females from both populations were different from one another. Sexual maturity was reached 4 to 5 years after metamorphosis and corresponded with a snout-vent length of 43-44 mm in both sexes. A tendency was observed for females to be older than males. Mature females were on average larger than mature males. Larval growth was higher in spring than in winter and differed between populations and years. The population in which larvae grew relatively slowly was characterized by large young adults and vice versa, perhaps reflecting contrasting aquatic and terrestrial feeding conditions. The knowledge here presented is important for the better understanding of the population dynamics and ecological and conservation requirements of the golden-striped salamander.

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