PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT-FILLED COTTAGE CHEESE FOR BABY FOOD OVER 6 MONTHS OF AGE

Currently, cottage cheese is one of the leading dairy products for infants’ nutrition. Today, the urgent task is to expand the range of sour-milk products by developing a technology for cottage cheese production with the addition of a fruit filler. The object of research is cottage cheese for the diet of children over six months. The cottage cheese is produced from whole milk subjected to high-temperature treatment with the use of starter microorganisms and with the addition of fruit filler “Banana”. The children’s curd recipe developed by the authors included the following raw materials and components: milk with the mass fraction of fat 3.4 %, skim milk with the mass fraction of fat 0.05 %, direct injection starter Flora C-170, fruit filler “Banana”. Production technology included the following stages: receiving and preparing raw materials, normalization of milk, homogenization, pasteurization and cooling of the normalized mixture, fermentation, ultrafiltration of curd clot, cooling and ripening of the product. The authors conducted laboratory studies of cottage cheese to assess the quality and safety of the resulting product. The products meet the requirements of GOST 32927-2014 for organoleptic indicators: taste and smell, appearance and consistency, colour. The products also meet the needs of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union (TR CU) 033/2013 “On safety of milk and dairy products” in terms of microbiological and antibiotic content.

Stability of pyrolysis condensates during their high-temperature treatment

As part of a project dealing with the material use of waste plastics processed by pyrolysis, a method for the purification of primary pyrolysis gas at temperatures above the dew point of condensing components was proposed. In order to avoid the loss of liquid products, two procedures have been proposed to study this issue. The first procedure consists in separating the pyrolysis condensate from permanent gases and its subsequent evaporation and introduction into a high-temperature reactor where the purification takes place. The second procedure used the same equipment, but the pyrolyser was connected in series with a high temperature reactor by a heated tube. The function of the device is demonstrated on a pair of pure polymers, namely highdensity polyethylene and polypropylene. In practice, however, the device is used for testing waste plastics. The mass balance of liquid, gaseous and solid products of pyrolysis and subsequent vapour phase conduction through a high-tem-perature reactor was supplemented by data from chromatographic analysis. Experiments have shown that the separation of pyrolysis and subsequent evaporation of the condensate in an independent reactor causes the formation of an undesirable amount of fine aerosol (mist). Pyrolysis without any subsequent high-temperature step produced 85–90 % condensate. The inclusion of a separate high-temperature reactor reduced the yield of condensate to 44.5–47.5 %, at the expense of the above-mentioned mist. Its conver-sion back to liquid is difficult and makes the process inefficient for industry. In tests with the series-connected pyrolyser and the high-temperature reactor, the situation was significantly better. 68.5–73.5 % of condensate was obtained in this case. In addition to the formation of mist, the conduction of steam of condensing components through the high-temperature reactor also caused a slight change in the composition of the liquids obtained. There was a decrease in the proportion of C21–C29 hydrocarbons in products and, conversely, an increase in the concentration of C5–C15 hydrocarbons. Besides verifying a suitable approach to the high-temperature processing of pyrolysis products, the experiments showed that changing a single subparameter (in this case the separation of the two reactors) significantly altered the results of the experiments. During laboratory simulation of industrial processes, it is important not to approach simplifications, but to copy all conditions as much as possible.

Physical and Mechanical Behaviors of Red Sandstones and Marbles after High-Temperature Treatment

Deep geothermal energy is of great strategic importance for the development of the energy industry. In the process of geothermal energy extraction, temperature changes will significantly affect the physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass. To investigate the influence of temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of red sandstones and marbles, the uniaxial compression test, variable-angle shear test, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) test, and SEM test were conducted on the red sandstone and marble specimens treated by 9 temperature levels (from 25°C to 800°C). The results show that the porosity is positively correlated with the temperature regardless of rock types. The peak strength of red sandstones during uniaxial compression increases first when temperature increases from 25°C to 400°C and then decreases when temperature increases from 400°C to 800°C, whereas the peak strength of marbles exhibits a first decreasing (from 25°C to 300°C), then increasing (from 300°C to 600°C) and finally decreasing (from 600°C to 800°C) trend. Similarly, the shear strength and cohesion of red sandstones increase first and then decrease as temperature rises from 25°C to 800°C, despite of the predesigned shearing angle, which is opposite to the variation in frictional angle. The variations in physical and mechanical behavior are closely related to the expansion of the constituent grains or groundmass which make up the rock composition and closure of pores. Additionally, the temperature in the range from 400°C to 600°C plays an important role to evaluate the variations in the physical and mechanical characteristics of red sandstones and marbles after high-temperature exposure, because of the stress, strain, and porosity change dramatically.

Different Thermal Treatment Methods and TGase Addition Affect Gel Quality and Flavour Characteristics of Decapterus maruadsi Surimi Products

Decapterus maruadsi surimi products were prepared using the thermal treatment methods of boiling (BOI), steaming (STE), back-pressure sterilization (BAC), roasting (ROA), microwaving (MIC), and frying (FRI), respectively. The effect of glutamine transaminase (TGase) addition was also investigated. The moisture distribution, water retention, microstructure, color, fracture constant, protein secondary structure, chemical forces, and flavor components of each sample were determined. The differences in gel and favor characteristics between D. maruadsi surimi products caused by thermal treatment methods were analyzed. The results showed that BOI, STE, and FRI had the largest protein secondary structure transitions and formed dense gel structures with high fracture constant. The kinds of flavour components in BOI and STE were completer and more balanced. The high temperature treatment available at BAC and FRI (110 °C and 150 °C) accelerated the chemical reaction involved in flavor formation, which highlighted the flavor profiles dominated by furans or esters. The open thermal treatment environments of ROA, MIC, and FRI gave them a low moisture content and water loss. This allowed the MIC to underheat during the heat treatment, which formed a loose gel structure with a low fracture coefficient. The addition of TGase enhances the gel quality, most noticeably in the ROA. The aldehyde content of the FRI was enhanced in the flavor characteristic. The effect of adding TGase to enhance the quality of the gel is most evident in ROA. It also substantially increased the content of aldehydes in FRI. In conclusion, different heat treatments could change the gel characteristics of surimi products and provide different flavor profiles. The gel quality of BOI and STE was consistently better in all aspects.

SELECTION AND ANALYSIS OF RAW MATERIALS FOR A PROTECTIVE AND DECORATIVE LAYER OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL

With modern housing construction, the cost of finishing work has increased significantly. The development of protective and decorative coatings is necessary, with architectural and artistic advantages and high performance properties with a slight increase in cost. It is necessary to develop a high-quality multilayer monolithic composite with a high degree of adhesion of functional layers to each other. Glass industry waste of various fractions and coloring salts of metals are proposed to be used for a decorative layer, which allows to obtain an almost unlimited color gamut of the coating during plasma chemical modification. The choice of application of high-alumina refractory and alumina cement in the protective layer is justified due to their high thermal resistance to sudden temperature changes. Compositions of a protective layer based on binders and a decorative layer using crushed colored container glass and coloring metal salts moistened with a 5% aqueous solution of liquid glass have been proposed, which makes it possible to significantly expand the raw material base for obtaining functional coatings on concrete. The melt heating temperature and the kinetics of its cooling are determined in order to identify rational rates and duration of high-temperature treatment for further coating creation. Rational rates of plasma processing of composite material for the formation of coatings of various textures are revealed

An investigation into growth-related genes in the Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus

<p>Growth is a complex quantitative trait that is controlled by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Due to its significance in animal breeding programmes, growth is a commonly studied trait in agriculture and aquaculture species. The Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, supports significant commercial and recreational fisheries in New Zealand and has the potential to be developed as a new aquaculture species. However, the relatively slow growth rate of C. auratus is a constraint and little is known of the specific regulation of growth in this species. The overall aim of this thesis research was to use genome sequence data and transcriptomics to investigate the loci that influence growth rate of C. auratus. In Chapter Two, the C. auratus Growth Hormone (GH) gene was identified in the reference genome and the structure and polymorphisms were characterised using re-sequenced data. The GH gene was approximately 5,577 bp in length and was comprised of six exons and five introns. Large polymorphic repeat regions were found in the first and third introns, and putative transcription factor binding sites were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the GH genes of Perciform fish showed conserved non-coding regions and highly variable non-coding regions. The amino acid sequences and putative secondary structures were also largely conserved across this order. In Chapter Three, the genetic variation of two large intronic repeat regions were assessed in wild C. auratus populations and shown to be polymorphic. The intron 1 locus was then assessed in slow- and fast-growing C. auratus for associations with growth rate. No significant differences were detected in the variation between groups; however, trends seen in the results corroborated other studies of an association between shorter introns and increased gene expression. Further investigation with a larger sample size is needed. A high level of heterozygosity was detected in all populations used in this study and may be due to negative selection acting on one allele (485). In Chapter Four, gene expression data was compared between C. auratus at high (21 °C) and low (13 °C) temperatures to investigate how the gene regulation of growth is influenced by temperature. The high temperature treatment (HTT) was characterized by a large number of differentially expressed genes associated with biosynthesis, skeletal muscle components, and catalytic activity while the low temperature treatment (LTT) had an upregulation of genes associated with important degradation pathways. The results of this study also suggest the action of negative feedback on growth regulation in the HTT, which may be a result of chronic heat stress. This thesis research represents one of the first studies to explore the genetic regulation of growth in C. auratus and makes a significant contribution to the field of research into growth, not only in C. auratus, but also other fish species. The findings presented in this thesis may be applied to a selective breeding programme of C. auratus that aimed to increase the growth rate, and consequently, improve its economic viability as a commercial aquaculture species in New Zealand.</p>

An investigation into growth-related genes in the Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus

<p>Growth is a complex quantitative trait that is controlled by a variety of genetic and environmental factors. Due to its significance in animal breeding programmes, growth is a commonly studied trait in agriculture and aquaculture species. The Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, supports significant commercial and recreational fisheries in New Zealand and has the potential to be developed as a new aquaculture species. However, the relatively slow growth rate of C. auratus is a constraint and little is known of the specific regulation of growth in this species. The overall aim of this thesis research was to use genome sequence data and transcriptomics to investigate the loci that influence growth rate of C. auratus. In Chapter Two, the C. auratus Growth Hormone (GH) gene was identified in the reference genome and the structure and polymorphisms were characterised using re-sequenced data. The GH gene was approximately 5,577 bp in length and was comprised of six exons and five introns. Large polymorphic repeat regions were found in the first and third introns, and putative transcription factor binding sites were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of the GH genes of Perciform fish showed conserved non-coding regions and highly variable non-coding regions. The amino acid sequences and putative secondary structures were also largely conserved across this order. In Chapter Three, the genetic variation of two large intronic repeat regions were assessed in wild C. auratus populations and shown to be polymorphic. The intron 1 locus was then assessed in slow- and fast-growing C. auratus for associations with growth rate. No significant differences were detected in the variation between groups; however, trends seen in the results corroborated other studies of an association between shorter introns and increased gene expression. Further investigation with a larger sample size is needed. A high level of heterozygosity was detected in all populations used in this study and may be due to negative selection acting on one allele (485). In Chapter Four, gene expression data was compared between C. auratus at high (21 °C) and low (13 °C) temperatures to investigate how the gene regulation of growth is influenced by temperature. The high temperature treatment (HTT) was characterized by a large number of differentially expressed genes associated with biosynthesis, skeletal muscle components, and catalytic activity while the low temperature treatment (LTT) had an upregulation of genes associated with important degradation pathways. The results of this study also suggest the action of negative feedback on growth regulation in the HTT, which may be a result of chronic heat stress. This thesis research represents one of the first studies to explore the genetic regulation of growth in C. auratus and makes a significant contribution to the field of research into growth, not only in C. auratus, but also other fish species. The findings presented in this thesis may be applied to a selective breeding programme of C. auratus that aimed to increase the growth rate, and consequently, improve its economic viability as a commercial aquaculture species in New Zealand.</p>

An Investigation of Atomic Interaction between Ag and Ti2AlC under the Processing Temperature of 1080 °C

Ti2AlC is a typical MAX (M: early transition metal, A: main group element, and X: carbon and/or nitrogen) phase with ceramic and metallic properties due to its unique nano-layered structure. In order to investigate the interaction behavior between Ag and Ti2AlC, a sessile drop experiment was conducted at 1080 °C for 5 min. The atomic rearrangement occurred at the Ag–Ti2AlC interface was revealed using high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results show that Ag nanoclusters generally appeared in most of the Ag–Ti2AlC interaction regions thermally processed at 1080 °C. In addition, Ag can also substitute for Al and Ti atoms in the Ti2AlC, promoting local structural decomposition of the Ti2AlC and producing 4H–Ag with a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. Additionally, Al atoms released from the Ti2AlC lattices can dissolve locally into the liquid Ag, particularly at the grain boundaries. When the loss concentration of Al exceeded the critical level, the Ti2AlC started to decompose and the residual Ti6C octahedrons and Al atoms recombined, giving rise to the production of anti-perovskite Ti3AlC with a cubic structure. Lastly, the discrepancy in substitution behavior of Ag in the Ti2AlC was compared when thermally processed at different temperatures (1030 °C and 1080 °C). This work contributes to the understanding of the intrinsic stability of Ti2AlC MAX ceramics under high-temperature treatment.

Metabolome Profiling of Heat Priming Effects, Senescence, and Acclimation of Bread Wheat Induced by High Temperatures at Different Growth Stages

Our previous study described stage-specific responses of ‘Norin 61’ bread wheat to high temperatures from seedling to tillering (GS1), tillering to flowering (GS2), flowering to full maturity stage (GS3), and seedling to full maturity stage (GS1–3). The grain development phase lengthened in GS1 plants; source tissue decreased in GS2 plants; rapid senescence occurred in GS3 plants; all these effects occurred in GS1–3 plants. The present study quantified 69 flag leaf metabolites during early grain development to reveal the effects of stage-specific high-temperature stress and identify markers that predict grain weight. Heat stresses during GS2 and GS3 showed the largest shifts in metabolite contents compared with the control, followed by GS1–3 and GS1. The GS3 plants accumulated nucleosides related to the nucleotide salvage pathway, beta-alanine, and serotonin. Accumulation of these compounds in GS1 plants was significantly lower than in the control, suggesting that the reduction related to the high-temperature priming effect observed in the phenotype (i.e., inhibition of senescence). The GS2 plants accumulated a large quantity of free amino acids, indicating residual effects of the previous high-temperature treatment and recovery from stress. However, levels in GS1–3 plants tended to be close to those in the control, indicating an acclimation response. Beta-alanine, serotonin, tryptophan, proline, and putrescine are potential molecular markers that predict grain weight due to their correlation with agronomic traits.