scholarly journals Mycena species can be opportunist-generalist plant root invaders

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoffer Bugge Harder ◽  
Emily Hesling ◽  
Synnøve S. Botnen ◽  
Bálint Dima ◽  
Tea von Bonsdorff-Salminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures ◽  
Growth Experiments ◽  
Fungal Genus

SummaryRecently, several saprotrophic genera have been found to invade/interact with plant roots in laboratory growth experiments, and this coincides with reports of abundant saprotrophic fungal sequences in plant roots. However, it is uncertain if this reflects field phenomena, and if reports on coincidentally amplified saprotrophs are simply coincidental.We investigated root invasion by presumed saprotrophic fungi by focusing on the large genus Mycena in 1) a systematic analysis of the occurrence of saprotrophic fungi in new and previously published ITS1/ITS2 datasets generated from roots of 10 mycorrhizal plant species, and 2) we analysed natural abundances of 13C/15N stable isotope signatures of fungal/plant communities from five comparable field locations to examine the trophic status of Mycena species.Mycena was the only saprotrophic genus consistently found in 9 of 10 plant host roots, with high within-host variation in Mycena sequence proportions (0-80%) recovered. Mycena carpophores displayed isotopic signatures consistent with published 13C/15N profiles of both saprotrophic or mutualistic lifestyles, with considerable intraspecific variation, resembling the patterns seen in growth experiments. These results indicate that multiple Mycena species opportunistically invade the roots of a range of plant species, possibly forming a spectrum of interactions. This potentially challenges our general understanding of fungal ecology.Originality significance statementThis is the first study to apply a dual approach of systematic metabarcoding of plant roots and stable isotope signatures on dried field material to the large and common saprotrophic fungal genus Mycena. This is significant as it shows that members of this genus, normally not expected to be found inside plant roots at all, are in fact associated eith multiple plant hosts. The study furthermore shows that species in this genus may occupy different ecological roles in the field besides being saprotrophic. That a large and common fungal genus known to be a quantitatively important litter decayer can be an opportunistic root invader and interact with host plants is of interest to all mycologists and ecologists working on plant-fungus/microb symbiosis.

Root-colonizing and soil-borne communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a temperate forest understorey

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ülle Saks ◽  
John Davison ◽  
Maarja Öpik ◽  
Martti Vasar ◽  
Mari Moora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Amf Communities ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
Phylogenetic Dispersion

We analyzed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in plant root samples from a natural forest ecosystem — a primeval forest in Järvselja, Estonia. AMF small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA genes were subjected to 454-pyrosequencing and BLAST-based taxonomic identification. Seventy-six AMF sequence groups (virtual taxa, VT) were identified from plant roots. Taken together with seven additional VT recorded in an earlier investigation of soil AMF communities at the site, this represents the highest number of AMF reported from a single ecosystem to date. The six study plant species hosted similar AMF communities. However, AMF community composition in plant roots was significantly different from that in soil and considerably more VT were retrieved from roots than from soil. AMF VT identified from plant roots as a whole and from individual plant species were frequently phylogenetically clustered compared with local and global taxon pools, suggesting that nonrandom assembly processes, notably habitat filtering, may have shaped fungal assemblages. In contrast, the phylogenetic dispersion of AMF communities in soil did not differ from random subsets of the local or global taxon pools.

scholarly journals Graphene promotes plant root growth by enhancing root respiration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Chen ◽  
Jianguo Zhao ◽  
Jun Qiao ◽  
Weijia Li ◽  
Sai Ge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Growth Effects ◽  
Effect Ratio

Abstract To explore the effects of graphene on plant root growth and development, 25 mg/L graphene were used to treat the seedling roots of 48 plant species. These results showed that the total root length of the plants was decreased when cultured by hydroponics method. Whereas the total root length of plant species cultured by soil showed different growth effects, among which the ratio of promotion effect was 69.77%, the ratio of inhibition effect was 11.63% and the no-effect ratio was 18.60%. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms by which graphene presents different growth effects on the root length, we performed RNA-seq for 32 plant roots treated with 25 mg/L graphene. We totally identified 90,259 DEGs in 32 plant species, among which 55,537 were graphene-induced and 34,722 were graphene-repressed. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 43 pathways were assigned to these enriched differentially expressed genes in response to the graphene treatment. Top enriched pathways include starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, endocytosis, peroxisome etc. The gene expressions of these pathway were induced or repressive in plant roots showing promotion or inhibitory effects, respectively. Accumulation of antioxidant enzyme as well as enhanced respiration might lead to the increasing plant root length. In addition, transcriptome and TEM data showed that graphene enters plant root cells by endocytosis. These results uncovered molecular level influences of graphene on plant roots development.

scholarly journals Diversification of B. subtilis during experimental evolution on A. thaliana leads to synergism in root colonization of evolved subpopulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Blake ◽  
Mathilde Nordgaard Christensen ◽  
Gergely Maróti ◽  
Ákos T. Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Stable Strategy ◽  
Pellicle Formation

SummaryThe soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis is known to suppress pathogens as well as promote plant growth. However, in order to fully exploit the potential as natural fertilizer, we need a better understanding of the interactions between B. subtilis and plants. Here, B. subtilis was examined for root colonization through experimental evolution on Arabidopsis thaliana. The populations evolved rapidly, improved in root colonization and diversified into three distinct morphotypes. In order to better understand the adaptation that had taken place, single evolved isolates from the final transfer were randomly selected for further characterization, revealing changes in growth and pellicle formation in medium supplemented with plant polysaccharides. Intriguingly, certain evolved isolates showed improved root colonization only on the plant species they evolved on, but not on another plant species, namely tomato, suggesting A. thaliana specific adaption paths. Finally, synergism in plant root colonization was observed for a mix of all three morphotypes, as the mix performed better than the sum of its constituents in monoculture. Our results suggest, that genetic diversification occurs in an ecological relevant setting on plant roots and proves to be a stable strategy for root colonization.Significance StatementUnderstanding how plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria colonize plant roots is crucial to fully utilize their potential for agricultural applications. Here, we utilized experimental evolution of the PGPR Bacillus subtilis on Arabidopsis thaliana to study root colonization. We revealed that evolving populations rapidly improve in root colonization and diversify into distinct morphotypes. Notably, improved root colonization by evolved isolates was observed on A. thaliana, not on tomato. Moreover, isolates of distinct morphotypes interacted during root colonization and the mixture of morphotypes showed higher productivity then predicted. These findings suggest that genetic diversification might be a stable strategy to maximize root colonization.

scholarly journals Diet of Leptobotia elongata revealed by stomach content analysis and inferred from stable isotope signatures

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 1965-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Li ◽  
Q. Wei Wei ◽  
J. Ming Wu ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Stomach Content ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures of deep-sea meiofauna follow oceanographical gradients across the Southern Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 69-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gritta Veit-Köhler ◽  
Katja Guilini ◽  
Ilka Peeken ◽  
Petra Quillfeldt ◽  
Christoph Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Nitrogen Stable Isotope ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures

Differences in the stable isotope signatures of seabird egg membrane and albumen - implications for non-invasive studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (23) ◽  
pp. 3632-3636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Quillfeldt ◽  
Rona A. R. McGill ◽  
Juan F. Masello ◽  
Maud Poisbleau ◽  
Hendrika van Noordwijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures ◽  
Egg Membrane

scholarly journals Model Test of the Reinforcement of Surface Soil by Plant Roots under the Influence of Precipitation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Hengxing Wang ◽  
Yulong He ◽  
Zufeng Shang ◽  
Chunpeng Han ◽  
Yilu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Model Test ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Reinforced Soil ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Interfacial Friction ◽  
Negative Power ◽  
Pull Out

We present the results of the reinforcement of plant root systems in surface soil in a model test to simulate actual precipitation conditions. In the test, Eleusine indica was selected as herbage to reinforce the soil. Based on the various moisture contents of plant roots in a pull-out test, a fitting formula describing the interfacial friction strength between the roots and soil and soil moisture content was obtained to explain the amount of slippage of the side slope during the process of rainfall. The experimental results showed that the root systems of plants successfully reinforced soil and stabilized the water content in the surface soil of a slope and that the occurrence time of landslides was delayed significantly in the grass-planting slope model. After the simulated rainfall started, the reinforcement effect of the plant roots changed. As the rainfall increased, the interfacial friction between the roots and the soil exhibited a negative power function relationship with the water content. These conclusions can be used as a reference for the design of plant slope protection and reinforcement.

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