scholarly journals Tryptophan derivatives regulate the seed germination and radicle growth of a root parasitic plant, Orobanche minor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Kuruma ◽  
Taiki Suzuki ◽  
Yoshiya Seto
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Hybrid Compound ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Orobanche Minor ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Tryptophan Derivatives ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

AbstractRoot parasitic plant germination is induced by the host-derived chemical, strigolactone (SL). We found that a major microbial culture broth component, tryptone, inhibits the SL-inducible germination of a root parasitic plant, Orobanche minor. l-tryptophan (1a, l-Trp) was isolated as the active compound from tryptone. We further found that l-Trp related compounds (1b-11), such as a major plant hormone auxin (8, indole-3-acetic acid; IAA), also inhibit the germination and post-radicle growth of O. minor. We designed a hybrid chemical (13), in which IAA is attached to a part of SL, and found that this synthetic analog induced the germination of O. minor, and also inhibited post-radicle growth. Moreover, we found that N-acetyl Trp (9) showed germination stimulating activity, and introduction of a substitution at C-5 position incresed its activity (12a-12f). Our data, in particular, the discovery of a structurally hybrid compound that has two activities that induce spontaneous germination and inhibit subsequent radical growth, would provide new types of germination regulators for root parasitic plants.

scholarly journals Effects of Benzoquinones on Radicles of Orobanche and Phelipanche Species

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 746
Author(s):  
Mónica Fernández-Aparicio ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
Antonio Evidente
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Plant Recognition ◽  
Inducing Factors ◽  
Orobanche Minor

The holoparasitic broomrape weeds (Orobanche and Phelipanche species) cause severe yield losses throughout North Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Eastern Europe. These parasitic weeds form an haustorium at the tip of their radicles to infect the crop upon detection of the host-derived haustorium-inducing factors. Until now, the haustorial induction in the broomrapes remains less studied than in other parasitic plant species. Known haustorium-inducing factors active in hemiparasites, such as Striga and Triphysaria species, were reported to be inefficient for the induction of haustoria in broomrape radicles. In this work, the haustorium-inducing activity of p-benzoquinone and 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (BQ and DMBQ) on radicles of three different broomrapes, namely Orobanche cumana, Orobanche minor and Phelipanche ramosa, is reported. Additional allelopathic effects of benzoquinones on radicle growth and radicle necrosis were studied. The results of this work suggest that benzoquinones play a role in the induction of haustorium in broomrapes. Although dependent on the broomrape species assayed and the concentration of quinones used in the test, the activity of BQ appeared to be stronger than that of DMBQ. The redox property represented by p-benzoquinone, which operates in several physiological processes of plants, insects and animals, is invoked to explain this different activity. This work confirms the usefulness of benzoquinones as haustorium-inducing factors for holoparasitic plant research. The findings of this work could facilitate future studies in the infection process, such as host-plant recognition and haustorial formation.

scholarly journals Pathway for the Biosynthesis of the Pigment Chrysogine by Penicillium chrysogenum

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annarita Viggiano ◽  
Oleksandr Salo ◽  
Hazrat Ali ◽  
Wiktor Szymanski ◽  
Peter P. Lankhorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Chrysogenum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Yellow Pigment ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Related Compounds

ABSTRACT Chrysogine is a yellow pigment produced by Penicillium chrysogenum and other filamentous fungi. Although the pigment was first isolated in 1973, its biosynthetic pathway has so far not been resolved. Here, we show that deletion of the highly expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene Pc21g12630 ( chyA ) resulted in a decrease in the production of chrysogine and 13 related compounds in the culture broth of P. chrysogenum . Each of the genes of the chyA -containing gene cluster was individually deleted, and corresponding mutants were examined by metabolic profiling in order to elucidate their function. The data suggest that the NRPS ChyA mediates the condensation of anthranilic acid and alanine into the intermediate 2-(2-aminopropanamido)benzoic acid, which was verified by feeding experiments of a ΔchyA strain with the chemically synthesized product. The remainder of the pathway is highly branched, yielding at least 13 chrysogine-related compounds. IMPORTANCE Penicillium chrysogenum is used in industry for the production of β-lactams, but also produces several other secondary metabolites. The yellow pigment chrysogine is one of the most abundant metabolites in the culture broth, next to β-lactams. Here, we have characterized the biosynthetic gene cluster involved in chrysogine production and elucidated a complex and highly branched biosynthetic pathway, assigning each of the chrysogine cluster genes to biosynthetic steps and metabolic intermediates. The work further unlocks the metabolic potential of filamentous fungi and the complexity of secondary metabolite pathways.

scholarly journals Resistance of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) to the Root Parasitic Plant Orobanche minor is Activated by Salicylate but not by Jasmonate

2007 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kusumoto ◽  
Y. Goldwasser ◽  
X. Xie ◽  
K. Yoneyama ◽  
Y. Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Orobanche Minor

Discovery of micafungin (FK463): A novel antifungal drug derived from a natural product lead

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Fujie
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Original Activity ◽  
Acyl Side Chain ◽  
Life Threatening

FR901379, which is a novel, water-soluble, echinocandin-like lipopeptide, was isolated from a microbial culture broth. It showed potent in vivo antifungal activity against Candida albicans and inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-glucan. However, this compound had hemolytic activity and was also less active against Aspergillus fumigatus. To overcome these shortcomings, we synthesized FR131535 bearing an octyloxybenzoyl acyl side chain instead of a fatty acid. FR131535 retained the original activity displayed by FR901379, acquired potent anti-Aspergillus activity, and its hemolytic activity was significantly reduced. Further extensive chemical modification of FR901379 has led to the discovery of micafungin (FK463), which is effective against Candida and Aspergillus spp. Micafungin has been marketed in Japan and the United States as a candin-class parenteral antifungal agent for life-threatening mycoses.

scholarly journals Chlorinated Auxins—How Does Arabidopsis Thaliana Deal with Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Walter ◽  
Lorenzo Caputi ◽  
Sarah O’Connor ◽  
Karl-Heinz van Pée ◽  
Jutta Ludwig-Müller
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Tryptophan Derivatives ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Iaa Conjugates

Plant hormones have various functions in plants and play crucial roles in all developmental and differentiation stages. Auxins constitute one of the most important groups with the major representative indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A halogenated derivate of IAA, 4-chloro-indole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA), has previously been identified in Pisum sativum and other legumes. While the enzymes responsible for the halogenation of compounds in bacteria and fungi are well studied, the metabolic pathways leading to the production of 4-Cl-IAA in plants, especially the halogenating reaction, are still unknown. Therefore, bacterial flavin-dependent tryptophan-halogenase genes were transformed into the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. The type of chlorinated indole derivatives that could be expected was determined by incubating wild type A. thaliana with different Cl-tryptophan derivatives. We showed that, in addition to chlorinated IAA, chlorinated IAA conjugates were synthesized. Concomitantly, we found that an auxin conjugate synthetase (GH3.3 protein) from A. thaliana was able to convert chlorinated IAAs to amino acid conjugates in vitro. In addition, we showed that the production of halogenated tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) and IAA is possible in transgenic A. thaliana in planta with the help of the bacterial halogenating enzymes. Furthermore, it was investigated if there is an effect (i) of exogenously applied Cl-IAA and Cl-Trp and (ii) of endogenously chlorinated substances on the growth phenotype of the plants.

scholarly journals Metabolism of Tryptophan, Indole-3-acetic Acid, and Related Compounds in Parasitic Plants from the Genus Orobanche

1982 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volker Magnus ◽  
Šumski Šimaga ◽  
Sonja Iskrić ◽  
Sergije Kveder
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

scholarly journals Influence of temperature and carbon sources on auxin biosynthesis by Rhodococcus erythropolis strain and their phytostimulating activity in urbanozem soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Nikolaevich Otroshko ◽  
Vladislav Viktorovich Sheremet ◽  
Nikita Nikolaevich Volchenko ◽  
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Khudokormov ◽  
Andrey Aleksandrovich Samkov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rhodococcus Erythropolis ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

The aim of this research was to study the effect of temperature and carbon sources for synthesizing activity of Rhodococcus erythropolis VKM Ac-2017D strain on the mineral medium. Tryptophan at a concentration of 0,5 g/l was added as a precursor for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis. Phytostimulating effect was shown in condition of soil experiment using lawn grass mixture ( Festuca rubra - 30%, Lolium perenne - 30%, Poa pratensis - 20%, Festuca rubra trichlorophylla - 15%, Festuca ovina - 5%). The strain of selected oil-degrading bacteria was able to produce IAA on both hydrocarbon and carbohydrates as carbon sources. The differences were found in the production of auxin that depended on temperature and types of C-substrate. When sucrose used as a carbon source the maximum in production of IAA was 34,3 g/ml at the temperature of 15C. When culturing microorganisms on hexadecane the highest concentration IAA (77,69 g/ml ) was achieved at 25C. The culture broth (supernatant) and native bacterial suspension had shown phytostimulating activity on the lawn grass (weight of plant biomass, germination) to compare to water and chemically synthesized IAA in condition of soil experiment.

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