scholarly journals Evidence Of We-Representation In Monkeys When Acting Together

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Lacal ◽  
Lucy Babicola ◽  
Roberto Caminiti ◽  
Simone Ferrari-Toniolo ◽  
Andrea Schito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Action Context ◽  
Hand Force ◽  
Joint Behavior ◽  
Individual Motor

A hallmark of successful evolution resides in the ability to adapt our actions to those of others, optimizing collective behaviour, so as to achieve goals otherwise unattainable by individuals acting alone. We have previously shown that macaques constitute a good model to analyse joint behavior, since they are able to coordinate their actions in a dyadic context. In the present work, we investigated whether monkeys can improve their joint-action performance, under special visuomotor conditions. The behavior of 5 monkeys was analyzed in isometric center-out tasks, requiring hand force application in different directions, either individually or together with a partner. Manipulating the presence or absence of a pre-instruction about the future action condition (SOLO or TOGETHER), allowed us to investigate on the existence of a "we-representation" in macaque monkeys. We found that pre-cueing the future action context increased the chances of dyadic success, also thanks to the emergence of an optimal kinematic setting, that ultimately facilitates inter-individual motor coordination. Our results offer empirical evidence in macaques of a "We-representation" during collective behavior, that once is cued in advance has an overall beneficial effect on joint performance.

Nxele, Ntsikana and the Origins of the Xhosa Religious Reaction

1979 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Peires
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Material World ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Personal Histories

The sudden expulsion of the Xhosa across the Fish River in 1811–12 created a practical and conceptual crisis which the traditional political authorities were unable to resolve. Two commoners, Nxele and Ntsikana, emerged in this vacuum, each proposing his own solution to the problems posed by the white irruption. Although these responses were religious responses, they were neither irrational nor incomprehensible. Xhosa religion had long functioned as an instrument for the control of the material world. By incorporating selected Christian concepts with the Xhosa world-view, Nxele and Ntsikana were able to provide the Xhosa with acceptable explanations of past events and prescriptions for future action.Nxele urged resistance and Ntsikana preached submission, but an examination of their personal histories shows that these final conclusions were more the product of exterior pressure than interior revelation. It may be suggested that the future reputations of the two men, like their past actions, will be determined more by the popular mood than by anything they themselves did or said.

Self Configuration of a Novel Miniature Ultrasonic Linear Motor

2006 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Maik Mracek ◽  
Tobias Hemsel ◽  
Piotr Vasiljev ◽  
Jörg Wallaschek
Keyword(s):  
High Power ◽  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Industrial Application ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Linear Superposition ◽  
Ultrasonic Motors ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Small Force ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Motor

Rotary ultrasonic motors have found broad industrial application in camera lens drives and other systems. Linear ultrasonic motors in contrast have only found limited applications. The main reason for the limited range of application of these very attractive devices seems to be their small force and power range. Attempts to build linear ultrasonic motors for high forces and high power applications have not been truly successful yet. To achieve drives, larger force and higher power, and multiple miniaturized motors can be combined. This approach, however, is not as simple as it appears at first glance. The electromechanical behavior of individual motors differs slightly due to manufacturing and assembly tolerances. Individual motor characteristics are strongly dependent on the driving parameters (frequency, voltage, temperature, pre-stress, etc.) and the driven load and the collective behavior of the swarm of motors is not just the linear superposition of the individual drive’s forces.

scholarly journals Ambiguity of Future in the Past in the Modern English Language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolaevna Selezneva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future

The article raises the question of ambiguity of Future in the Past in expressing the future tense in the modern English language. The author of the article analyzes should/would + infinitive, its grammatical status and the expressed lexical meaning. The article notes that ambiguity of Future in the Past is mainly due to the homonymy of should/would + infinitive forms with the forms of the subjunctive mood. However, Future in the Past is a part of the verb system of tenses in the modern English language and it expresses assumption, intention or obligation to perform a future action from the past position.

scholarly journals Learning to play the piano with the Supernumerary Robotic 3rd Thumb

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Shafti ◽  
Shlomi Haar ◽  
Renato Mio Zaldivar ◽  
Pierre Guilleminot ◽  
A. Aldo Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Musical Score ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Human Augmentation ◽  
Individual Motor ◽  
Individual Human

AbstractWe wanted to study the ability of our brains and bodies to be augmented by supernumerary robot limbs, here extra fingers. We developed a mechanically highly functional supernumerary robotic 3rd thumb actuator, the SR3T, and interfaced it with human users enabling them to play the piano with 11 fingers. We devised a set of measurement protocols and behavioural “biomarkers”, the Human Augmentation Motor Coordination Assessment (HAMCA), which allowed us a priori to predict how well each individual human user could, after training, play the piano with a two-thumbs-hand. To evaluate augmented music playing ability we devised a simple musical score, as well as metrics for assessing the accuracy of playing the score. We evaluated the SR3T (supernumerary robotic 3rd thumb) on 12 human subjects including 6 naïve and 6 experienced piano players. We demonstrated that humans can learn to play the piano with a 6-fingered hand within one hour of training. For each subject we could predict individually, based solely on their HAMCA performance before training, how well they were able to perform with the extra robotic thumb, after training (training end-point performance). Our work demonstrates the feasibility of robotic human augmentation with supernumerary robotic limbs within short time scales. We show how linking the neuroscience of motor learning with dexterous robotics and human-robot interfacing can be used to inform a priori how far individual motor impaired patients or healthy manual workers could benefit from robotic augmentation solutions.

scholarly journals The Grammatical Ways of Expressing the Future in English and their Corresponding Forms in Azerbaijani

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Saadat Nuriyeva
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Learning English

<p>Belonging to different language families, the English and Azerbaijani languages differ in all the aspects (grammar, phonetics and lexis) of the language. Therefore, as non-native speakers, Azerbaijanis have many difficulties in learning English. Many scholars try to eliminate those difficulties by comparing and analyzing the languages, finding out the similarities and differences between the languages compared. One of the main problems for Azerbaijani learners of English is learning the ways of expressing futurity in English to be able to select proper means of expression while translating from English into Azerbaijani and vice versa. The development of linguistics in the last few decades has been so quick and manifold that a new insight has been implemented concerning the current problems. It gave rise to the development of the comparative typological investigation of non-kindred languages. We shall try to investigate future tense in English basing upon quantitative typology that investigates this or that phenomena existing in two compared languages. The aim of our investigation is to show the grammatical ways of expressing the future in contemporary English, reveal similarities and differences between the ways of expressing future in English and Azerbaijan and, consequently, provide corresponding forms in Azerbaijani. As English is much richer in the ways of expressing future action than Azerbaijani, we will analyze and provide all the possible ways of conveying them in Azerbaijani. There are many controversial and quarrel some points concerning the future tense problem in English and Azerbaijani. The article highlights these problems by providing prominent linguists’ theoretical points of view as well as the author’s own analysis and approach to the stated problems.</p>

scholarly journals What does grammar tell us about action?

Pragmatics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future ◽  
Action Type ◽  
Technical Terms

Using cases of misalignment and realignment in the unfolding of interactional sequences in which future actions and events are being negotiated in everyday English conversation, this paper demonstrates that participants distinguish between the initiating actions of Proposal*, Offer*, Request*, and Suggestion*, if these labels are understood as technical terms for distinct constellations of answers to the questions (i) who will carry out the future action? and (ii) who will benefit from it?. The argument made is that these different action types are routinely associated with different sets of recurrent linguistic forms, or social action formats, and that it is through these that speakers can frame their turns as implementing one action type as opposed to another and that recipients can recognize these actions as such and respond to them accordingly. The fact that there is only a limited amount of ‘polysemy’, or overlap in the formats commonly used for Proposals*, Requests*, Offers*, and Suggestions* in English conversation, means that these formats deliver often distinctive cues to the type of action being implemented. When misalignments and realignments occur, they can often be traced to the fact that ‘polysemous’ linguistic formats have been used to implement the initiating action.

Jotting down notes or preparing for the future? Action identification and academic performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mange ◽  
Cécile Sénémeaud ◽  
Nicolas Michinov
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Action Identification ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals February 1st in Ireland (Imbolc and/or LáFhéile Bride): From Christian Saint to Pagan Goddess

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Tatyana Mikhailova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future

Like in many countries of Europe, the 1st of February (Imbolk, the Brigid’day) in Ireland marks the beginning of Spring and is connected with some fertility rites. In old rural Ireland the people spent time watching hedgehogs (to see one was a good weather sign), preparing and eating special food, making straw girdles and caps, putting red ribbons on their houses (Brat Bride ‘Brigit’s cloak’), making special Brigit’s crosses and straw dolls, called Brideog, to visit a sacred spring which had a magic healing and anti-sterile power (wells and springs, worshiped in pagan Ireland, were prohibited by St. Patrick), and finally singing protective charms. In modern urban Ireland all these rites remind in the past, but the Brigid’day is not forgotten or abandoned. In this article, the author tries to outline three main ‘tracks’ of the old tradition: 1. Pseudo-folkloric (fake-lore): singing, dancing, making crosses, storytelling etc. 2. Pseudo (Vernacular)-Catholic: early mass and pilgrimages to the places connected with St. Brigit, especially – sacred wells. 3. “Neo-paganic”: special dresses, red ribbons, ritual dancing, fires, divinations of the future, bath in the sacred water etc. (in the most part – performed by women). Collecting material for the classification, the author outlined a special new direction of ‘shared spirituality’ representing presumably a new mode of collective behavior in modern urban societies.

RESPONSE OF CYCLAMEN PERSICUM CULTIVARS TO DIFFERENT GROWING AND HOLDING TEMPERATURES

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. MOLNAR ◽  
C. J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Cyclamen Persicum ◽  
Flower Production ◽  
The Future ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Pot Plant

The response of 14 cultivars of Cyclamen persicum (Mill.) to growing temperatures of 13 and 17 C, and four holding temperatures was evaluated. Results indicated that a growing temperature of 17 C significantly reduced the time from seeding to flowering of the cultivars studied. The effects of growing temperature on flower production and shelf life varied among the cultivars tested. The shelf life of the cvs. Rose of Aalsmeer, White Carmel Eye, Cattleya, Cardinal, Rose of Marienthal and Pearl of Zehlendorf was increased by growing them at the higher temperature. Shorter shelf life was associated with higher holding temperatures, but the amount by which shelf life was reduced varied among the cultivars. These findings are expected to have a beneficial effect on the future of cyclamen as a major pot plant.

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