scholarly journals Social Housing Status Impacts Rhesus Monkeys' Affective Responding in Classic Threat Processing Tasks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey A Charbonneau ◽  
David G. Amaral ◽  
Eliza Bliss-Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Behavioral Neuroscience ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Housing Status ◽  
Threat Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Threatening Stimuli

The established literature clearly demonstrates that whether or not monkeys are socially reared has long term consequences for their affective behavior. Yet, in the context of behavioral neuroscience and pharmacological studies, social context of adult animals is often ignored. When social context has been studied in adult monkeys, such studies have typically focused on welfare-related issues, as social isolation often leads to the development of abnormal behavior, rather than the impact on outcomes in behavioral neuroscience studies. Variation in social housing conditions for adult animals could have an impact on affective responding and may have significant implications for the interpretation of data from biopsychiatry and behavioral neuroscience studies. We evaluated the affective reactivity of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) maintained in one of four housing conditions (individually-housed, grate-paired, intermittently-paired, and continuously-paired) using two classic threat processing tasks: a test of responsivity to objects and the Human Intruder Test. Individually-housed monkeys exhibited consistently blunted sensitivity to ostensibly threatening stimuli as compared to socially-housed monkeys. Within the three socially-housed conditions, intermittently- and continuously-paired monkeys behaved similarly to each other and grate-paired monkeys exhibited relatively enhanced sensitivity to threatening stimuli. These findings suggest that the adult housing conditions of monkeys can robustly modulate affective responding in a way that may be consistent with behavioral phenotypes observed in human psychiatric conditions. Results are considered in the context of the broad behavioral and psychiatric neuroscience literatures, which have historically used individually-housed animals, pointing to the potential need to reconsider inferences drawn from those studies.

scholarly journals Social origin and educational attainment in China: a historical analysis of 70 birth cohorts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changchun Fang ◽  
Xiaotian Feng
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of social origin on educational attainment is conditioned on the social context in which people live. In recent decades, with changes in the Chinese society, how has the impact of social origin on educational inequality changed? Based on an analysis of 70 birth cohorts, this study details the effect of social origin on educational inequality and its trends over the past 70 years. The results of this study also indicate that the historical stages hypothesis (HSH) and model-shift hypothesis (MSH) emphasized in previous studies cannot fully describe the historical changes in educational inequality. In addition to macrosocial processes, there may exist other structural factors that also affect educational inequality but are neglected. The social context and its transformation, which shaped the relationship between social origin and educational inequality, need to be examined in more detail.

041 Alteration of Threat-Related Information Processing During Extended Sleep Deprivation

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A18-A18
Author(s):  
Sara Alger ◽  
John Hughes ◽  
Thomas Balkin ◽  
Tracy Jill Doty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
High Expectation ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Threat Processing ◽  
Fearful Face ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Threat-related information is preferentially processed, facilitating quick and efficient responses. However, the impact of extended sleep deprivation on perception of and response to threatening information is not well known. Sleep loss may increase amygdalar activity and negative mood, potentially facilitating threat processing. However, it also reduces cognitive function, possibly impairing ability to respond. The present study assessed the extent to which extended sleep deprivation modulates threat processing using a threat expectation paradigm. Methods Twenty-one participants underwent one baseline night of sleep followed by 62hrs total sleep deprivation (TSD) and one recovery night of sleep (12hrs). Threat expectation task performance was assessed at baseline, at multiple time points during TSD, and following recovery sleep. To control for circadian influence, performance at three 1100 sessions (baseline, 52hrs into TSD, and recovery) were compared. The threat expectation task involved determining whether a presented face was fearful (i.e., signaled threat) or neutral. Faces were presented at three expectation levels: 80%, 50%, and 20% chance of viewing a fearful face. Results Overall, responses were faster (F=9.77, p=0.001) and more accurate (F=11.48, p=0.001) when the type of face (fearful or neutral) was expected. Accuracy significantly decreased over TSD (t=7.71, p<0.001) and recovered following subsequent sleep. Fear bias was calculated for accuracy (accuracy for fearful face minus neutral face). Under conditions of high expectation (80%) of viewing a fearful face, fear bias increased across TSD (t=-1.95, p=0.07). Although accuracy to both fearful and neutral faces significantly declined across TSD (both p<0.001), decline for neutral faces was greater, thus increasing fear bias. Importantly, the increased bias toward fear was still evident compared to baseline following a 12-hour recovery sleep opportunity, (t=-1.93, p=0.07). Conclusion Extended sleep deprivation, common in operational environments where there is also high expectation of encountering threat, impairs cognitive control and is thought to enhance amygdala activity. These data show that, consequently, cognitive resources become biased toward biologically adaptive behaviors (i.e., threat processing) at the expense of attending and responding more broadly to all stimuli. This behavior is not reversed with a single extended sleep opportunity. Support (if any) Department of Defense Military Operational Medicine Research Program (MOMRP)

How Mothers and Fathers Share Childcare

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 834-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Craig ◽  
Killian Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
National Study ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross National

In most families today, childcare remains divided unequally between fathers and mothers. Scholars argue that persistence of the gendered division of childcare is due to multiple causes, including values about gender and family, disparities in paid work, class, and social context. It is likely that all of these factors interact, but to date researchers have not explored such interactions. To address this gap, we analyze nationally representative time-use data from Australia, Denmark, France, and Italy. These countries have different employment patterns, social and family policies, and cultural attitudes toward parenting and gender equality. Using data from matched married couples, we conduct a cross-national study of mothers’ and fathers’ relative time in childcare, divided along dimensions of task (i.e., routine versus non-routine activities) and co-presence (i.e., caring for children together as a couple versus caring solo). Results show that mothers’ and fathers’ work arrangements and education relate modestly to shares of childcare, and this relationship differs across countries. We find cross-national variation in whether more equal shares result from the behavior of mothers, fathers, or both spouses. Results illustrate the relevance of social context in accentuating or minimizing the impact of individual- and household-level characteristics.

scholarly journals Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Di Provinsi Lampung Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Insidensi Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Agustin Arisandi Mustika ◽  
Samsul Bakri ◽  
Dyah Wulan S. R. Wardani
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Impact

The conversion of forest area into non-forest area generally can causing the ecology and micro climate change especially rainfall.   The impact of these changes in other side can increasing the probability in occurrence of vector-born disease such as Aedes aegypti mosquito couse of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF).   Besides of environmental factors, poverty level, rainfall, and housing conditions the suspected also affect the incidence of dengue.  This research aimed to determine of changes in forest cover and land, poverty level, and housing conditions as well as the impact to the incidence of dengue fever in Lampung. Data collected included primary data of land use changes of Lampung Province and the secondary  data  such  as  the  data  of  precipitation  rapid,  poverty  level,  healthy  house proportion and Incidence Rate of dengue.  The dynamic of changes in forest cover and landper distric/city identified through by Landsat image interpretation 5, 7 and 8  in 2002, 2009 and 2014.   While the impact on DHF analyzed using multiple linear models.   The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the changes of the people forest cover   -1,2634   (p=0,001),   intensive   agricultural   0,5315   (p=0,016),   the   number   of precipitation rapid 0,06869 (p=0,087) and the poverty level -0,2213 (p=0,038) and urbanism region in the towns and villages 28,75 (p=0,010) toward the incidence of dengue in Lampung from the year 2003 to 2014.  Based on the reseacrh result that the goverment should be able to increase the percentage of forest area cause able to decrease the incidence DHF. Keyword: forest conversion, incidence DHF, land use changes

scholarly journals Impact of Haitian migration on a social housing habitat in Santiago (Chile), from the perception of its residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-133
Author(s):  
Ana María Álvarez Rojas ◽  
◽  
Héctor Cavieres Higuera ◽  
Angelo Patricio Ibarra González ◽  
Ricardo Truffello Robledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In 2019, an exploratory qualitative study was carried out in a social housing neighborhood located on the outskirts of the city of Santiago, Chile whose purpose was to understand the perception of its Chilean residents regarding the massive arrival of Haitian migrants to the place. The results show not only their dissimilar and ambivalent perceptions regarding the impact of the arrival of this new population to their residential habitat but also a greater precariousness in both groups living conditions

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