scholarly journals Readiness Potential Prevalence During A Deliberate Decision-making Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Blignaut ◽  
Dawie van den Heever
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Readiness Potential ◽  
Criminal Offenders ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
P300 Potentials ◽  
P300 Potential ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Arbitrary Decision

This study investigated the hypothesis that neural markers associated with arbitrary decision-making are present in higher order, deliberate decisions. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of higher order decision content on neurophysiological markers such as the readiness potential and the P300 potential. An experiment was designed to measure, evaluate, and compare these electroencephalographic potentials under both arbitrary and deliberate choice conditions. Participants were presented with legal cases and had to convict and acquit criminal offenders. Distinct readiness potentials and P300 potentials were observed for both arbitrary and deliberate decisions across all participants. These findings support the hypothesis that the readiness potential and the P300 potential are present in the neurophysiological data for higher order deliberate decisions. The study also showed initial findings of how the readiness potential may inherently relate to decision content. Increased readiness potential amplitudes were observed for participants with previous exposure to violent crime when they had to acquit or convict criminals accused of violent crimes.

scholarly journals Neural precursors of deliberate and arbitrary decisions in the study of voluntary action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Maoz ◽  
G. Yaffe ◽  
C. Koch ◽  
L. Mudrik
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Causal Role ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Readiness Potential ◽  
Neural Precursors ◽  
Readiness Potentials ◽  
Random Fluctuations

AbstractThe readiness potential (RP)—a key ERP correlate of upcoming action—is known to precede subjects’ reports of their decision to move. Some view this as evidence against a causal role for consciousness in human decision-making and thus against free-will. Yet those studies focused on arbitrary decisions—purposeless, unreasoned, and without consequences. It remains unknown to what degree the RP generalizes to deliberate, more ecological decisions. We directly compared deliberate and arbitrary decision-making during a $1000-donation task to non-profit organizations. While we found the expected RPs for arbitrary decisions, they were strikingly absent for deliberate ones. Our results and drift-diffusion model are congruent with the RP representing accumulation of noisy, random fluctuations that drive arbitrary—but not deliberate—decisions. They further point to different neural mechanisms underlying deliberate and arbitrary decisions, challenging the generalizability of studies that argue for no causal role for consciousness in decision-making to real-life decisions.Significance StatementThe extent of human free will has been debated for millennia. Previous studies demonstrated that neural precursors of action—especially the readiness potential—precede subjects’ reports of deciding to move. Some viewed this as evidence against free-will. However, these experiments focused on arbitrary decisions—e.g., randomly raising the left or right hand. We directly compared deliberate (actual $1000 donations to NPOs) and arbitrary decisions, and found readiness potentials before arbitrary decisions, but—critically—not before deliberate decisions. This supports the interpretation of readiness potentials as byproducts of accumulation of random fluctuations in arbitrary but not deliberate decisions and points to different neural mechanisms underlying deliberate and arbitrary choice. Hence, it challenges the generalizability of previous results from arbitrary to deliberate decisions.

scholarly journals ANALISIS MATERI POKOK BAHASA INDONESIA PADA BUKU TEMATIK KELAS III MI/SD REVISI 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Umi Salma Fauziyah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui relevansi dari materi bahasa Indonesia pada buku tematik kelas 3 revisi 2018 dengan beberapa aspek yaitu ruang lingkup materi berdasarkan Permendikbud No 21 tahun 2016; HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills); 4Cs (creative thinking, critical thinking, communication, collaboration); literasi membaca-menulis; literasi digital. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis analisis wacana pada materi bahasa Indonesia di buku tematik kelas 3 revisi 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya relevansi antara materi bahasa Indonesia pada buku tematik kelas 3 revisi 2018 dengan aspek yang sudah disebutkan dengan hasil 46% materi sudah disajikan, keterampilan HOTS tidak imbang karena mayoritas critical thinking yaitu 66,7% dan decision making tidak ada, keterampilan 4Cs sudah merata meski critical thinking lebih banyak yaitu 40,5%, literasi membaca persentasenya 78,9% dan literasi menulis 21,1%, literasi digital dibahas pada satu bagian tersendiri yaitu pada tema 7 subtema 3 meskipun materinya masih tahap pengenalan. Secara keseluruhan materi bahasa Indonesia pada buku tematik kelas 3 sudah cukup relevan dengan aspek-aspek yang berkaitan meski ada yang masih kurang merata pada beberapa aspek.

Civil Commitment

2019 ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Ford
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Civil Commitment ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Police Power ◽  
Involuntary Hospitalization ◽  
Legal Cases

Chapter 6 covers the major legal cases that have informed the laws governing the civil commitment – involuntary hospitalization – of individuals with mental illness. The cases highlight the evolution of the emphasis on dangerousness as a critical factor in decision-making and very clearly describe the tension between individual autonomy and police power. The cases included in this chapter are Lake v. Cameron, Baxstrom v. Herold, Lessard v. Schmidt, O’Connor v. Donaldson, Addington v. Texas, and a case involving children, Parham v. J.R.

scholarly journals Attuning to a changing ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (34) ◽  
pp. 20363-20371
Author(s):  
Nils Chr. Stenseth ◽  
Mark R. Payne ◽  
Erik Bonsdorff ◽  
Dorothy J. Dankel ◽  
Joël M. Durant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Arbitrary Decision

The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social−ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.

Technical Decision Making With Higher Order Structure Data: Perspectives on Higher Order Structure Characterization From the Biopharmaceutical Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 105 (12) ◽  
pp. 3465-3470 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Weiss ◽  
John P. Gabrielson ◽  
Wasfi Al-Azzam ◽  
Guodong Chen ◽  
Darryl L. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structure Data ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Biopharmaceutical Industry

Development and validation of behavioral biases scale: a SEM approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritika ◽  
Nawal Kishor
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioral Biases ◽  
Investment Decision Making

PurposeThis paper attempts to identify the biases in decision-making of individual investors. The paper aims to develop and validate a higher-order behavioral biases scale.Design/methodology/approachScale development is done by identifying the relevant items of the scale through existing literature and then, adding new items for some biases. In phase 1, using a structured questionnaire, data was collected from 274 investors who invest in financial markets. The major dimensions of the scale have been pruned by using exploratory factor analysis administered on data collected in phase 1. Higher-order CFA is used to analyze the data and to validate the scale on another set of data (collected in phase 2) containing 576 investors.FindingsThe study reveals that the scale for measuring behavioral biases has many dimensions. It has two second-order factors and 13 zero-order constructs. Two second-order constructs have been modeled on the basis of cause of errors in investment decision-making, that is, biases caused due to cognition, biases caused due to emotions.Originality/valueBehavioral biases are yet to receive a due attention, especially, in the Indian context. The present research is focusing on providing an empirically tested scale to test the behavioral biases. Some of the biases, which have been analyzed using secondary data in previous studies, have been tested with the help of statements in this study.

scholarly journals Impact of Correlated Neural Activity on Decision-Making Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cain ◽  
Eric Shea-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Nonlinear Computation ◽  
Standard Integration ◽  
Simultaneous Activity

Stimulus from the environment that guides behavior and informs decisions is encoded in the firing rates of neural populations. Neurons in the populations, however, do not spike independently: spike events are correlated from cell to cell. To what degree does this apparent redundancy have an impact on the accuracy with which decisions can be made and the computations required to optimally decide? We explore these questions for two illustrative models of correlation among cells. Each model is statistically identical at the level of pairwise correlations but differs in higher-order statistics that describe the simultaneous activity of larger cell groups. We find that the presence of correlations can diminish the performance attained by an ideal decision maker to either a small or large extent, depending on the nature of the higher-order correlations. Moreover, although this optimal performance can in some cases be obtained using the standard integration-to-bound operation, in others it requires a nonlinear computation on incoming spikes. Overall, we conclude that a given level of pairwise correlations, even when restricted to identical neural populations, may not always indicate redundancies that diminish decision-making performance.

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