scholarly journals Attuning to a changing ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (34) ◽  
pp. 20363-20371
Author(s):  
Nils Chr. Stenseth ◽  
Mark R. Payne ◽  
Erik Bonsdorff ◽  
Dorothy J. Dankel ◽  
Joël M. Durant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Collective Experience ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Arbitrary Decision

The ocean is a lifeline for human existence, but current practices risk severely undermining ocean sustainability. Present and future social−ecological challenges necessitate the maintenance and development of knowledge and action by stimulating collaboration among scientists and between science, policy, and practice. Here we explore not only how such collaborations have developed in the Nordic countries and adjacent seas but also how knowledge from these regions contributes to an understanding of how to obtain a sustainable ocean. Our collective experience may be summarized in three points: 1) In the absence of long-term observations, decision-making is subject to high risk arising from natural variability; 2) in the absence of established scientific organizations, advice to stakeholders often relies on a few advisors, making them prone to biased perceptions; and 3) in the absence of trust between policy makers and the science community, attuning to a changing ocean will be subject to arbitrary decision-making with unforeseen and negative ramifications. Underpinning these observations, we show that collaboration across scientific disciplines and stakeholders and between nations is a necessary condition for appropriate actions.

Really Rewarding Rewards: Strategic Licensing in Long-Term Healthy Food Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishika Rishika ◽  
Sven Feurer ◽  
Kelly L Haws
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Calorie Consumption ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Related Aspect ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Licensing is a well-documented form of justifying individual indulgent choices, but less is known about how licensing affects food decision-making patterns over time. Accordingly, we examine whether consumers incorporate licensing strategically and deliberately in their long-term consumption patterns and identify reward programs as a context in which strategic licensing is likely to occur. We propose that members with lower-calorie consumption patterns strategically indulge more on reward purchase occasions, and that forethought is required for such an effect to occur. A longitudinal study analyzing 272,677 real food purchases made by 7,828 consumers over a 14-month period provides striking evidence of our key proposition. An exploration of the inter-purchase time-related aspect of purchase acceleration suggests that forethought on behalf of consumers is necessary for strategic licensing to occur. A subsequent experimental study (N = 605) comprising five consecutive choice occasions provides additional evidence of forethought by demonstrating that strategic licensing occurs only when expected (but not windfall reward) occasions are involved, and by showing that anticipated negative affect for not indulging is the driving mechanism. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for consumers, managers, and public policy makers.

scholarly journals An inventory of biodiversity data sources for conservation monitoring

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0242923
Author(s):  
P. J. Stephenson ◽  
Carrie Stengel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Biodiversity Data ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The People ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Global Data

Many conservation managers, policy makers, businesses and local communities cannot access the biodiversity data they need for informed decision-making on natural resource management. A handful of databases are used to monitor indicators against global biodiversity goals but there is no openly available consolidated list of global data sets to help managers, especially those in high-biodiversity countries. We therefore conducted an inventory of global databases of potential use in monitoring biodiversity states, pressures and conservation responses at multiple levels. We uncovered 145 global data sources, as well as a selection of global data reports, links to which we will make available on an open-access website. We describe trends in data availability and actions needed to improve data sharing. If the conservation and science community made a greater effort to publicise data sources, and make the data openly and freely available for the people who most need it, we might be able to mainstream biodiversity data into decision-making and help stop biodiversity loss.

Adhering to the “Flashing Yellow Light”

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-419
Author(s):  
Gabriel Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Risk ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Political Costs ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Near Term ◽  
High Level

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, despite growing political, scientific, and popular concern about the prospect of melting glaciers, sea-level rise, and more generally, climate-induced societal instability, American high-level science advisers and administrators, scientific committees, national and international scientific organizations, and officials within the Carter administration engineered a politics of restrained management of climate risk. Adopting a strategy of restraint appeared optimal not because of a pervasive disinterest in or ignorance of the potentially catastrophic consequences of climate change. Rather, this administrative decision was rooted in widespread skepticism of the public’s ability to regulate their panic given popular dissemination of alarming scenarios of the future. Their concerns were not epistemic; they were sociopolitical. Broad-based appeals to moderation directly informed both scientists and the administration’s eventual decision in 1980 to minimize executive involvement. Despite some environmentalists’ and scientists’ calls for a more proactive position aligned with their ethical perspectives about the future implications of climate change, these linguistic cues of moderation became powerful heuristics that helped shape and anchor assessments of climate risk, calibrate scientists’ advice to policy makers, and regulate public apprehension about climate risk. Ultimately, officials within and outside the science community concluded that the likely short-term costs incurred from immediate action to curb fossil fuel emissions were greater than the social and political costs incurred from maintaining what was considered to be a tempered approach to climate governance in the near-term.

Design of an ICT Tool for Decision Making in Social and Health Policies

2013 ◽  
pp. 802-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Grimaldo ◽  
Francisco Ródenas ◽  
Miguel Lozano ◽  
Stephanie Carretero ◽  
Juan Manuel Orduña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Care Policies

The governance requires technical support regarding the complexity in deciding health policies to assist people who require long-term care. Long-term care policies require the use of ICT simulation tools that can provide policy makers with the option of going into a decision theatre and virtually knowing the consequences of different policies prior to finally determining the real policy to be adopted. In this sense, there is an absence of simulation tools for decision making about long-term care policies. In this chapter, the authors propose the foundations and guidelines of SSIMSOWELL, a new scalable, multiagent simulation tool that increases the prediction capacity of governance in the long term care policies, improving the decision making in short, medium, and large term in different European regions. The simulation tool implements a previously validated Social Sustainability Model (SSM). The main goal of SSIMSOWELL is the prediction of policy impacts and the development of new governance models, since it increases the budgetary efficiency and the sustainability of long term policies. In addition, it improves the capacity of policy makers in modelling, planning, and evaluating social-health policies at different scales, ranges, and times in the European Union.

scholarly journals The Structure of Problems Surrounding the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Evacuees

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko SATO
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nuclear Accident ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Home Town ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
The Town ◽  
Current Reconstruction

Since August 2011, the sociology study group of large-scale evacuation (SSGLE) has been conducting interviews with residents of the town of Tomioka in Fukushima Prefecture who were forced to evacuate from their home town because of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident. While supporting town meetings organized by stakeholders, SSGLE recognized the following issues: (1) The problems that evacuees have faced are complex and very extensive. (2) These issues are not correctly recognized by policy makers and therefore the present policies do not effectively relieve the affected people. (3) The hastiness of decision making on regional restoration plans has contributed to deterioration of the problems of the affected people, and furthermore, (4) the structure of the Japanese administrative system with its limited degree of local autonomy is behind such issues with planning and decision making. In addition to these issues, it is not possible to deny the existence of public opinion to boost the seriousness of these problems because they don’t realize the real situation that both of affected area and evacuees are facing. As these issues are caused by the discrepancies between the premise behind current reconstruction policies and the actual problems that nuclear accident evacuees are facing, the situation might lead to the collapse of the current policy approach and the municipalities themselves. To improve the situation, the following initiatives are required: survival and continuation of the affected communities that solely know and realize the serious problems by the accident, conveying feedback from the communities to the decision-makers by way of local governments, and long-term policies that take account of lived experiences and their changes as time goes on.

scholarly journals Health technology assessment

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (S1) ◽  
pp. 10-10 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Technology Assessment ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Short And Long Term

Health technology assessment (HTA) (1), also known as healthcare technology assessment or medical technology assessment, is a form of policy research that systematically examines short- and long-term consequences of the application of a health technology, a set of related technologies, or an issue related to technology. The goal of HTA is to provide input to decision making in policy and practice. The essential properties of HTA are this orientation to decision making and its multidisciplinary and comprehensive nature.

Design of an ICT Tool for Decision Making in Social and Health Policies

2015 ◽  
pp. 997-1014
Author(s):  
Francisco Grimaldo ◽  
Francisco Ródenas ◽  
Miguel Lozano ◽  
Stephanie Carretero ◽  
Juan M. Orduña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Simulation Tool ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Care Policies

The governance requires technical support regarding the complexity in deciding health policies to assist people who require long-term care. Long-term care policies require the use of ICT simulation tools that can provide policy makers with the option of going into a decision theatre and virtually knowing the consequences of different policies prior to finally determining the real policy to be adopted. In this sense, there is an absence of simulation tools for decision making about long-term care policies. In this chapter, the authors propose the foundations and guidelines of SSIMSOWELL, a new scalable, multiagent simulation tool that increases the prediction capacity of governance in the long term care policies, improving the decision making in short, medium, and large term in different European regions. The simulation tool implements a previously validated Social Sustainability Model (SSM). The main goal of SSIMSOWELL is the prediction of policy impacts and the development of new governance models, since it increases the budgetary efficiency and the sustainability of long term policies. In addition, it improves the capacity of policy makers in modelling, planning, and evaluating social-health policies at different scales, ranges, and times in the European Union.

Open Data Policy and Practice

2015 ◽  
pp. 5188-5198
Author(s):  
Terry Buss
Keyword(s):  
Open Data ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Technology Applications ◽  
Data Policy ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Right

Governments around the world recently launched policies to make public data more accessible and transparent. Policies are intended to encourage more interaction between government and citizens, foster accountability, and improve efficiency, effectiveness, economy, and perhaps equity. Open data initiatives depend almost entirely on information technology, applications, data and security. Policies while laudable have produced mixed results as governments implement them. Governments have been more or less successful depending on how much support they have among policy makers and the civil service, the extent to which whistle blowers and hackers have exploited the systems, met demands of citizens and stakeholders, made available funding in the right amounts over the long-term, and held people accountable. In spite of advances in open data, its long term impact on government performance and indeed democracy has yet to be determined.

scholarly journals TIME DIVERSIFICATION: PERSPECTIVES FROM THE ECONOMIC INDEX OF RISKINESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850011 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD LU ◽  
CHEN-CHEN YANG ◽  
WING-KEUNG WONG
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Risk Measure ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Stock Investment ◽  
Motion Process ◽  
Time Diversification ◽  
Daily Returns

Time diversification which is the idea of there being less riskiness over longer investment horizons is examined in this paper. Different from previous studies, this paper contributes to the literature by using the Aumann and Serrano index as a risk measure to examine whether there is any time diversification in stock investment by using the daily returns of S&P 500, S&P 400, and NASDAQ with both short and long holding periods and by using the block bootstrapping technique in the simulation. The advantage of using the Aumann and Serrano index as a risk measure is that it satisfies the monotonicity with respect to stochastic dominance while most of other risk measures do not. From the returns of short (long) holding periods, we conclude that, in general, the riskiness of the shorter (longer) period is statistically greater than that of the longer (shorter) period. Our findings reject the hypothesis of no time diversification effect and reject the geometric Brownie motion process for the returns of different holding periods. The results could be due to short- and medium-term momentums and long-term contrarian. Our findings are useful to academics, investors, and policy makers in their decision-making related to time diversification.

Issues of Capacity and Decision-Making in the Context of Delirium

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Treatment Team ◽  
Precipitating Factors ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Decision Making Capacity ◽  
Fundamental Consideration

Decision-making capacity is a fundamental consideration in working with patients in a clinical setting. One of the most common conditions affecting decision-making capacity in patients in the inpatient or long-term care setting is a form of acute, transient cognitive change known as delirium. A thorough understanding of delirium — how it can present, its predisposing and precipitating factors, and how it can be managed — will improve a speech-language pathologist's (SLPs) ability to make treatment recommendations, and to advise the treatment team on issues related to communication and patient autonomy.

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