scholarly journals Discovery of putative Golgi S-Adenosyl methionine transporters reveals the importance of plant cell wall polysaccharide methylation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Temple ◽  
Pyae Phyo ◽  
Weibing Yang ◽  
Jan J Lyczakowski ◽  
Alberto Echevarria-Poza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Adenosyl Methionine

Polysaccharide methylation, especially that of pectin, is a common and important feature of land plant cell walls. Polysaccharide methylation takes place in the Golgi apparatus and therefore relies on the import of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) from the cytosol into the Golgi. However, to date, no Golgi SAM transporter has been identified in plants. In this work, we studied major facilitator superfamily members in Arabidopsis that we identified as putative Golgi SAM transporters (GoSAMTs). Knock-out of the two most highly expressed GoSAMTs led to a strong reduction in Golgi-synthesised polysaccharide methylation. Furthermore, solid-state NMR experiments revealed that reduced methylation changed cell wall polysaccharide conformations, interactions and mobilities. Notably, the NMR revealed the existence of pectin egg-box structures in intact cell walls, and showed that their formation is enhanced by reduced methyl-esterification. These changes in wall architecture were linked to substantial growth and developmental phenotypes. In particular, anisotropic growth was strongly impaired in the double mutant. The identification of putative transporters that import SAM into the Golgi lumen in plants provides new insights into the paramount importance of polysaccharide methylation for plant cell wall structure and function.

scholarly journals Bundling of cellulose microfibrils in native and polyethylene glycol-containing wood cell walls revealed by small-angle neutron scattering

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paavo A. Penttilä ◽  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Monika Österberg ◽  
Lauri Rautkari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Wall Structure

AbstractWood and other plant-based resources provide abundant, renewable raw materials for a variety of applications. Nevertheless, their utilization would greatly benefit from more efficient and accurate methods to characterize the detailed nanoscale architecture of plant cell walls. Non-invasive techniques such as neutron and X-ray scattering hold a promise for elucidating the hierarchical cell wall structure and any changes in its morphology, but their use is hindered by challenges in interpreting the experimental data. We used small-angle neutron scattering in combination with contrast variation by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to identify the scattering contribution from cellulose microfibril bundles in native wood cell walls. Using this method, mean diameters for the microfibril bundles from 12 to 19 nm were determined, without the necessity of cutting, drying or freezing the cell wall. The packing distance of the individual microfibrils inside the bundles can be obtained from the same data. This finding opens up possibilities for further utilization of small-angle scattering in characterizing the plant cell wall nanostructure and its response to chemical, physical and biological modifications or even in situ treatments. Moreover, our results give new insights into the interaction between PEG and the wood nanostructure, which may be helpful for preservation of archaeological woods.

scholarly journals The role of plant cell wall encapsulation and porosity in regulating lipolysis during the digestion of almond seeds

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam M. L. Grundy ◽  
Frédéric Carrière ◽  
Alan R. Mackie ◽  
David A. Gray ◽  
Peter J. Butterworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Intact Cell ◽  
Lipid Digestion

Intact cell walls of almond prevent lipase penetration thus hindering lipid digestion.

scholarly journals Identification and evolution of a plant cell wall specific glycoprotein glycosyl transferase, ExAD

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenning Rune Møller ◽  
Xueying Yi ◽  
Silvia Melina Velásquez ◽  
Sascha Gille ◽  
Pernille Louise Munke Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Carbohydrate Polymers ◽  
And Function

Abstract Extensins are plant cell wall glycoproteins that act as scaffolds for the deposition of the main wall carbohydrate polymers, which are interlocked into the supramolecular wall structure through intra- and inter-molecular iso-di-tyrosine crosslinks within the extensin backbone. In the conserved canonical extensin repeat, Ser-Hyp4, serine and the consecutive C4-hydroxyprolines (Hyps) are substituted with an α-galactose and 1–5 β- or α-linked arabinofuranoses (Arafs), respectively. These modifications are required for correct extended structure and function of the extensin network. Here, we identified a single Arabidopsis thaliana gene, At3g57630, in clade E of the inverting Glycosyltransferase family GT47 as a candidate for the transfer of Araf to Hyp-arabinofuranotriose (Hyp-β1,4Araf-β1,2Araf-β1,2Araf) side chains in an α-linkage, to yield Hyp-Araf 4 which is exclusively found in extensins. T-DNA knock-out mutants of At3g57630 showed a truncated root hair phenotype, as seen for mutants of all hitherto characterized extensin glycosylation enzymes; both root hair and glycan phenotypes were restored upon reintroduction of At3g57630. At3g57630 was named Extensin Arabinose Deficient transferase, ExAD, accordingly. The occurrence of ExAD orthologs within the Viridiplantae along with its’ product, Hyp-Araf 4, point to ExAD being an evolutionary hallmark of terrestrial plants and charophyte green algae.

scholarly journals EglC, a New Endoglucanase from Aspergillus niger with Major Activity towards Xyloglucan

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1556-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alinda A. Hasper ◽  
Ester Dekkers ◽  
Marc van Mil ◽  
Peter J. I. van de Vondervoort ◽  
Leo H. de Graaff
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Cellulose Binding Domain ◽  
Cellulose Binding

ABSTRACT A novel gene, eglC, encoding an endoglucanase, was cloned from Aspergillus niger. Transcription of eglC is regulated by XlnR, a transcriptional activator that controls the degradation of polysaccharides in plant cell walls. EglC is an 858-amino-acid protein and contains a conserved C-terminal cellulose-binding domain. EglC can be classified in glycoside hydrolase family 74. No homology to any of the endoglucanases from Trichoderma reesei was found. In the plant cell wall xyloglucan is closely linked to cellulose fibrils. We hypothesize that the EglC cellulose-binding domain anchors the enzyme to the cellulose chains while it is cleaving the xyloglucan backbone. By this action it may contribute to the degradation of the plant cell wall structure together with other enzymes, including hemicellulases and cellulases. EglC is most active towards xyloglucan and therefore is functionally different from the other two endoglucanases from A. niger, EglA and EglB, which exhibit the greatest activity towards β-glucan. Although the mode of action of EglC is not known, this enzyme represents a new enzyme function involved in plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation by A. niger.

scholarly journals The synthesis of xyloglucan, an abundant plant cell wall polysaccharide, requires CSLC function

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (33) ◽  
pp. 20316-20324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Jin Kim ◽  
Balakumaran Chandrasekar ◽  
Anne C. Rea ◽  
Linda Danhof ◽  
Starla Zemelis-Durfee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Apparent Lack

Xyloglucan (XyG) is an abundant component of the primary cell walls of most plants. While the structure of XyG has been well studied, much remains to be learned about its biosynthesis. Here we employed reverse genetics to investigate the role ofArabidopsiscellulose synthase like-C (CSLC) proteins in XyG biosynthesis. We found that single mutants containing a T-DNA in each of the fiveArabidopsis CSLCgenes had normal levels of XyG. However, higher-ordercslcmutants had significantly reduced XyG levels, and a mutant with disruptions in all fiveCSLCgenes had no detectable XyG. The higher-order mutants grew with mild tissue-specific phenotypes. Despite the apparent lack of XyG, thecslcquintuple mutant did not display significant alteration of gene expression at the whole-genome level, excluding transcriptional compensation. The quintuple mutant could be complemented by each of the fiveCSLCgenes, supporting the conclusion that each of them encodes a XyG glucan synthase. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that theCSLCgenes are widespread in the plant kingdom and evolved from an ancient family. These results establish the role of theCSLCgenes in XyG biosynthesis, and the mutants described here provide valuable tools with which to study both the molecular details of XyG biosynthesis and the role of XyG in plant cell wall structure and function.

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

scholarly journals PUL-Mediated Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Utilization in the Gut Bacteroidetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3077
Author(s):  
Zhenzhen Hao ◽  
Xiaolu Wang ◽  
Haomeng Yang ◽  
Tao Tu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽  
Prominent Feature ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Gut Microbial Community

Plant cell wall polysaccharides (PCWP) are abundantly present in the food of humans and feed of livestock. Mammalians by themselves cannot degrade PCWP but rather depend on microbes resident in the gut intestine for deconstruction. The dominant Bacteroidetes in the gut microbial community are such bacteria with PCWP-degrading ability. The polysaccharide utilization systems (PUL) responsible for PCWP degradation and utilization are a prominent feature of Bacteroidetes. In recent years, there have been tremendous efforts in elucidating how PULs assist Bacteroidetes to assimilate carbon and acquire energy from PCWP. Here, we will review the PUL-mediated plant cell wall polysaccharides utilization in the gut Bacteroidetes focusing on cellulose, xylan, mannan, and pectin utilization and discuss how the mechanisms can be exploited to modulate the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

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