scholarly journals Caracterization of Am –A genomes chromosomes in diploid wheat, polyploid wheat and triticales by marker cytogenetic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hammouda Bousbia Dounia ◽  
Benbelkacem Abdelkader
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Structural Heterogeneity ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Diploid Wheat ◽  
Polyploid Wheat ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wheat Hybrids

The distribution and Caracterization of constitutive heterochromatin in A-Am genomes of diploid wheat (progenitor), polyploid wheat (hybrids) and triticales (primary and secondary) are analyzed and compared by C-bands. The Comparison of zones rich in highly repeated DNA sequences marked by C bands on the all chromosomes of Am - A genomes revealed an important structural heterogeneity. Four chromosomes of Triticum monococcum (1Am-3Am-4Am-5Am) are almost similar to their homologues in wheat (Triticum durum , Triticum aestivum ) and triticale, by the presence or absence of C bands. Contrary to the chromosomes 2Am (rich in heterochromatin), 6Am-7Am (absence of C bands) show a great differentiation compared to their homologues of Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum and x-Triticosecale Wittmack. In the triticales, A genome chromosomes are richer in heterochromatin compared to theirs homologous of polyploid wheats. This is explained by a "genome shock The confrontation of C- bands genome (Triticum monococcum) with a C+ bands genome (durum wheat / or common wheat) produces an interspecific hybrid which at the sixth generation reveals C+ bands (triticales). The variations observed in our vegetal material indicated the existence of an intervarietal and interspecific heterochromatic polymorphism. The presence of B chromosomes in triticales, could be explained as a manifestation of their adaptation.

scholarly journals Stripe rust resistance gene Yr34 (synonym Yr48) is located within a distal translocation of Triticum monococcum chromosome 5AmL into common wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shisheng Chen ◽  
Joshua Hegarty ◽  
Tao Shen ◽  
Lei Hua ◽  
Hongna Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Rust Resistance Gene ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance ◽  
Polyploid Wheat ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance Gene ◽  
A Genome

AbstractKey messageThe stripe rust resistance geneYr34 was transferred to polyploid wheat chromosome 5AL from T. monococcumand has been used for over two centuries.Wheat stripe (or yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is currently among the most damaging fungal diseases of wheat worldwide. In this study, we report that the stripe rust resistance gene Yr34 (synonym Yr48) is located within a distal segment of the cultivated Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum chromosome 5AmL translocated to chromosome 5AL in polyploid wheat. The diploid wheat species Triticum monococcum (genome AmAm) is closely related to T. urartu (donor of the A genome to polyploid wheat) and has good levels of resistance against the stripe rust pathogen. When present in hexaploid wheat, the T. monococcum Yr34 resistance gene confers a moderate level of resistance against virulent Pst races present in California and the virulent Chinese race CYR34. In a survey of 1,442 common wheat genotypes, we identified 5AmL translocations of fourteen different lengths in 17.5% of the accessions, with higher frequencies in Europe than in other continents. The old European wheat variety “Mediterranean” was identified as a putative source of this translocation, suggesting that Yr34 has been used for over 200 years. Finally, we designed diagnostic CAPS and sequenced-based markers that will be useful to accelerate the deployment of Yr34 in wheat breeding programs to improve resistance to this devastating pathogen.

scholarly journals Wpływ intensywności technologii uprawy na plonowanie różnych genotypów pszenicy ozimej

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
LESZEK RACHOŃ ◽  
GRZEGORZ SZUMIŁO ◽  
HALINA MACHAJ
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf

W pracy określono wpływ intensywności technologii uprawy na plonowanie ozimych genotypów pszenicy zwyczajnej, twardej, orkisz i jednoziarnowej. Dwuczynnikowe doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2010–13 w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym Felin Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie metodą bloków losowanych w 4 powtórzeniach. Pierwszym czynnikiem były 4 gatunki (podgatunki) pszenicy ozimej: pszenica zwyczajna (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) – odmiana Tonacja, pszenica twarda (Triticum durum Desf.) – odmiana Komnata, pszenica orkisz (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell.) – odmiana Schwabenkorn, pszenica jednoziarnowa (Triticum monococcum L.) – PL 5003 (materiał siewny pozyskany z Krajowego Centrum Roślinnych Zasobów Genowych). Drugą zmienną były poziomy agrotechniki: przeciętny poziom agrotechniki: nawożenie mineralne (N – 70, P – 30,5, K – 99,6 kg ∙ ha-1), zaprawianie ziarna i zwalczanie chwastów; wysoki poziom agrotechniki: zwiększone nawożenie azotowe (N – 140, P – 30,5, K – 99,6 kg ∙ ha-1), zaprawianie ziarna, zwalczanie chwastów, 2 zabiegi przeciw chorobom, insektycyd i regulator wzrostu. Badane gatunki (podgatunki) pszenicy istotnie różniły się poziomem plonowania. Najwyższy plon wydała odmiana pszenicy zwyczajnej, Tonacja – 7,25 t∙ha-1. Istotnie niżej plonowały pozostałe gatunki: pszenica twarda (Komnata) – 4,19 t ∙ ha-1, pszenica orkisz (Schwabenkorn) – 3,87 t ∙ ha-1 oraz pszenica jednoziarnista – 2,33 t ∙ ha-1. Wykazano interakcję między badanymi gatunkami (podgatunkami) a poziomem intensyfikacji technologii uprawy. Pszenica zwyczajna i twarda reagowały istotnym wzrostem plonu ziarna przy wyższym poziomie agrotechniki, natomiast nie wykazano różnic w przypadku pszenicy orkisz i jednoziarnowej. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdzają przydatność tych gatunków (podgatunków) do uprawy w warunkach mniej intensywnych. Średnio, niezależnie od badanych pszenic, wyższy poziom agrotechniki spowodował istotny wzrost plonu ziarna, obsady kłosów, MTZ, liczby ziarn z kłosa i masy ziarn z kłosa oraz ograniczał wyleganie roślin.

Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum L. V. Inheritance and linkage relationships of genes determining the expression of 12 qualitative characters

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 869-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kuspira ◽  
J. Maclagan ◽  
R. N. Bhambhani ◽  
R. S. Sadasivaiah ◽  
N.-S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Chromosomal Mapping ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Einkorn Wheat ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
A Genome

Our investigation of 460 true-breeding lines confirms a long-standing observation that natural phenotypic and genetic variability in the diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. is limited. The modes of inheritance of 12 morphological characters are discussed in light of the extensive information available on the genetics and cytogenetics of many of these characters in the related wheat Triticum aestivum. Analysis of data from appropriate crosses, complementation studies, and observations of phenotypes of F1s and F2s from crosses between lines expressing dominant traits indicate that each of these characters is determined by one major gene. A multiple allelic series exists at each of the Hg (glume pubescence) and Hn (node pubescence) loci. The genes for six of these characters fall into two closely linked groups. Genes Bg (glume colour) and Hg are the same distance apart as in Triticum aestivum, indicating that at least this segment of chromosome 1A has been highly or completely conserved since the origin of the polyploid wheats. The genes Sg (glume hardness), La (lemma awn length), Fg (false glume), and Lh (head type) are also very closely linked, with the outside markers being only 4 map units apart. The dominant and recessive alleles of genes determining these characters should serve as excellent markers for linkage and chromosomal mapping because of their complete penetrance and constant expressivity. Tentative assignments of genes and linkage groups identified in this investigation to specific chromosomes of T. monococcum have been made on the basis of known chromosomal locations of A genome genes in T. aestivum. The tentative assignments could be verified using a variety of genetic and cytogenetic approaches. It is suggested that a thorough study of the genetic heritage of einkorn wheat will require the use of induced mutants since natural genetic variability is low in this species.Key words: Triticum, characters, inheritance, linkage, mapping, A genome.

scholarly journals Zmienność wskaźnika powierzchni liści (LAI) w zależności od genotypu pszenicy i intensyfikacji technologii uprawy

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
LESZEK RACHOŃ ◽  
GRZEGORZ SZUMIŁO
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Triticum Durum Desf

W pracy określono zmienność wskaźnika powierzchni liści (LAI) w zależności od genotypu pszenicy oraz intensywności technologii uprawy. Dwuczynnikowe doświadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w latach 2011–2013 w Gospodarstwie Doświadczalnym Felin Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie metodą bloków losowanych w 4 powtórzeniach. Pierwszym czynnikiem były 4 gatunki (podgatunki) pszenicy ozimej: pszenica zwyczajna (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare L.) – odmiana Tonacja, pszenica twarda (Triticum durum Desf.) – odmiana Komnata, pszenica orkisz (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta (L.) Thell.) – odmiana Schwabenkorn, pszenica jednoziarnowa (Triticum monococcum L.) – PL 5003 (materiał siewny pozyskany z Krajowego Centrum Roślinnych Zasobów Genowych). Drugą zmienną były poziomy agrotechniki: przeciętny poziom agrotechniki – nawożenie mineralne (N – 70, P – 30,5, K – 99,6 kg∙ha-1), zaprawianie ziarna i zwalczanie chwastów; wysoki poziom agrotechniki – zwiększone nawożenie azotowe (N – 140, P – 30,5, K – 99,6 kg∙ha-1), zaprawianie ziarna, zwalczanie chwastów, 2 zabiegi przeciw chorobom, insektycyd i regulator wzrostu. W okresie wegetacyjnym określono na każdym poletku wskaźnik powierzchni liści (LAI) w fazach: kłoszenia (BBCH 55–58), kwitnienia (BBCH 61–65) i dojrzałości mlecznej (BBCH 73–75), wykonując pomiary aparatem Sun Scan Canopy Analysis System typu SS1 (Delta-T Devices UK). Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że zarówno porównywane genotypy pszenicy ozimej, jak i intensyfikacja technologii produkcji różnicowały indeks LAI. Największą wartość indeksu powierzchni liści osiągnęła odmiana pszenicy orkisz – Schwabenkorn, a najmniejszą pszenica jednoziarnowa. Podwyższony poziom agrotechniki skutkował wzrostem indeksu LAI u wszystkich analizowanych genotypów. Odnotowano także zróżnicowanie omawianego wskaźnika w latach badań.

Genetic and cytogenetic analyses of the A genome of Triticum monococcum. II. The mode of inheritance of spring versus winter growth habit

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kuspira ◽  
J. Maclagan ◽  
K. Kerby ◽  
R. N. Bhambhani
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Multiple Allelic Series ◽  
Winter Growth Habit ◽  
Mode Of Inheritance

The study on the mode of inheritance of spring versus winter growth habit in Triticum monococcum is the first in a diploid wheat species. The results are discussed in light of the information available on the genetics and cytogenetics of this character in Triticum aestivum. Two spring habit and six winter habit lines were used in these investigations. Statistical analyses of progenies in each of these lines clearly established the true-breeding nature of all eight lines with respect to days to heading. Analysis of F1 and F2 results of crosses between the two spring habit lines 68 and 293 showed the following: (i) neither line carries winter habit alleles at any of the major gene loci determining growth habit; and (ii) four of five minor allele pairs determine the phenotypic differences between them. Monohybrid F2 and testcross ratios in crosses between spring habit line 68 and each of the six winter lines lead to the following conclusions: (i) differences between spring and winter growth habit in each cross are due to alleles of one major gene; (ii) the allele for spring habit is completely dominant to that for winter habit in each cross; and (iii) all these lines are genotypically identical or very similar at all modifying gene loci. These results imply that only one major gene determines growth habit in this species. Diallel (critical) crosses among the six recessive lines indicate that complementation does not occur in any of the F1's. Therefore, all these recessive genes represent mutations in the same gene. If these results are characteristic of all winter lines in Triticum monococcum, they permit the initial conclusion that only one major gene determines growth habit in this diploid species. This locus is in all likelihood the VrnI locus since it is the only one of the five major genes identified for growth habit, that is present in the A genome of Triticum aestivum. All six recessive lines respond to natural vernalization. This lends further support to our initial conclusion. Because the six recessive lines head at five different times we conclude that a multiple allelic series occurs at this locus. Specifically, at least three and probably five recessive alleles responsible for different heading dates among the winter lines, and at least one dominant allele for spring habit, occur at this locus.Key words: Triticum, complementation, quantitative, vernalization, alleles, multiple.

INHERITANCE OF STEM RUST RESISTANCE TRANSFERRED FROM DIPLOID WHEAT (TRITICUM MONOCOCCUM) TO TETRAPLOID AND HEXAPLOID WHEAT AND CHROMOSOME LOCATION OF THE GENE INVOLVED

1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Kerber ◽  
P. L. Dyck
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Diploid Wheat ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Differential Transmission

Resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. and and E. Henn.) was transferred from diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. cv. RL 5244, to Stewart tetraploid and Marquis hexaploid cultivars by interspecific hybridization. Genetic studies at the diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid levels indicated that a dominant gene gave resistance to the seven races of rust tested. Differential transmission of this gene was noted in some of the intradiploid and intrahexaploid crosses. The degree of resistance, as indicated by infection type, decreased with increasing levels of ploidy. This newly identified gene, designated Sr22, is located on chromosome 7A and is different from resistance genes Sr8, Sr13 and Sr15, which are also on chromosomes of the A genome.

The phylogeny of the polyploid wheats Triticum aestivum (bread wheat) and Triticum turgidum (macaroni wheat)

Genome ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 722-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kerby ◽  
J. Kuspira
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Triticum Monococcum ◽  
Aegilops Speltoides ◽  
Triticum Urartu ◽  
B Genome ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genome Donors

The phylogeny of the polyploid wheats has been the subject of intense research and speculation during the past 70 years. Various experimental approaches have been employed to ascertain the diploid progenitors of these wheats. The species having donated the D genome to Triticum aestivum has been unequivocally identified as Aegilops squarrosa. On the basis of evidence from many studies, Triticum monococcum has been implicated as the source of the A genome in both Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum. However, numerous studies since 1968 have shown that Triticum urartu is very closely related to Triticum monococcum and that it also carries the A genome. These studies have prompted the speculation that Triticum urartu may be the donor of this chromosome set to the polyploid wheats. The donor of the B genome to Triticum turgidum and Triticum aestivum remains equivocal and controversial. Six different diploid species have been implicated as putative B genome donors: Aegilops bicornis, Aegilops longissima, Aegilops searsii, Aegilops sharonensis, Aegilops speltoides, and Triticum urartu. Until recently, evidence presented by different researchers had not permitted an unequivocal identification of the progenitor of the B genome in polyploid wheats. Recent studies, involving all diploid and polyploid wheats and putative B genome donors, lead to the conclusion that Aegilops speltoides and Triticum urartu can be excluded as B genome donors and that Aegilops searsii is the most likely source of this chromosome set. The possibility of the B genome having arisen from an AAAA autotetraploid or having a polyphyletic origin is discussed. Key words: phylogeny; Triticum aestivum; Triticum turgidum; A, B, and D genomes.

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