scholarly journals You aren't what you eat, you become what you eat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Stephens ◽  
Jonathan F Easton ◽  
Heriberto Roman Sicilia
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Energy Imbalance ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Energy Excess

Obesity (and the consequent obesity epidemic) is a complex, adaptive process, taking place over a time span of many years. Energy intake is recognized as a potentially important driver of obesity, especially in the context of an identifiable energy imbalance which, it is surmised, must lead to weight gain. Similarly, energy expenditure must play an important role. However, both show an enormous degree of individual variation. Therefore, measuring them is an exceedingly difficult task, especially in the context of large populations and long time periods. It has been argued that population-level observed weight gain can be traced back to very small daily energy imbalances while, at the same time, positing that a much larger maintenance energy gap is responsible for maintaining the energy requirements of the increased weight population. In this paper we examine the relation between BMI and energy intake as functions of age. The convexity of the BMI curves as a function of age and gender demonstrate the enhanced obesity risk apparent in young adults and women, and imply that no settling points exist at the population level. Consistent with other studies, overall weight increases are consistent with a very small daily energy imbalance, about 7 cal. Consumption as a function of age shows a small, steady, linear decrease of about 8 cal per year, and can be associated with a maximal energy excess/deficit of about 250cal for the youngest and oldest age groups. By examining weight differences between age groups as a function of age, we argue that this excess/deficit is an important motor for the observed weight differences, and argue that the apparent energy imbalance of 250 cal, due to excess consumption, leads to an effective imbalance of only 7 cal due to the existence of various physiological and behavioral mechanisms that enhance weight homeostasis and effectively reduce the energy excess from 250 cal to 7 cal. We discuss several possibilities for such mechanisms.

scholarly journals Differences in the Quantity and Types of Foods and Beverages Consumed by Canadians between 2004 and 2015

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Tugault-Lafleur ◽  
Jennifer Black
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Food Consumed

This study examined differences in food and beverage intake estimated from nationally representative surveys of Canadians in 2004 and 2015 collected through the Canadian Community Health Surveys. Differences in mean daily energy intake and amounts of food consumed were compared between 2004 and 2015 and across age groups for all energy reporters (aged 2 years+) and among only plausible energy reporters. From 2004 to 2015, mean energy intake decreased by 228 kcal/day (all energy reporters) and 74 kcal/day (plausible energy reporters). Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of meat and alternatives but fewer servings of vegetables and fruit and milk and alternatives in 2015 compared to 2004. Analyses of food subgroups revealed that Canadians reported consuming more daily servings of dark green and orange vegetables, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds, and eggs but fewer servings of potatoes, other vegetables, fruit juices, fluid milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages in 2015 compared to 2004. While some aspects of the Canadian diet have improved, daily mean intake of other nutritious foods either stagnated or worsened over time. Continued attention is needed to improve population-level intakes of vegetables, fruit, whole grains, and protein foods such as legumes, nuts, seeds, and lower fat dairy products.

scholarly journals Higher energy intake at night effects daily energy distribution and contributes to excessive weight gain during pregnancy

Nutrition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 110756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiana Araújo Gontijo ◽  
Laura Cristina Tibiletti Balieiro ◽  
Gabriela Pereira Teixeira ◽  
Walid Makin Fahmy ◽  
Cibele Aparecida Crispim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Excessive Weight Gain ◽  
Excessive Weight ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Weight Gain During Pregnancy

scholarly journals The Contribution of Confectionery to the Global Obesity Epidemic: a Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonetta Ballali ◽  
Maria Gabriella Vecchio ◽  
Daniele Chiffi ◽  
Claudia Elena Gafare ◽  
Dario Gregori
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sugar Source

Obesity has become, nowadays, a global concern affecting both developed and developing countries. Nutrition and physical activity represent the major factors influencing energy balance and subsequently weight status. Deciding toward an appropriate intake of all nutrients is seen as necessary to maintain a wholesome lifestyle: among nutrients, sugar plays a major role and its consumption has long been seen as an issue in public health, due to its possible role in displacing or diluting nutrients in the diet and contributing to the epidemic of obesity. A research on Pubmed was assessed to evaluate the impact of confectionery consumption, as sugar source, on the daily energy intake. The studies considered in the current paper generally failed to show that confectionery consumption leads necessarily to a shift of energy intake. Anyway, considering that till now, very few works on this topic were conducted, more researches are necessary to demonstrate the effective influence of confectionery on daily energy intake.

scholarly journals Snack Consumption Patterns among Canadians

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Vatanparast ◽  
Naorin Islam ◽  
Rashmi Prakash Patil ◽  
Mojtaba Shafiee ◽  
Jessica Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
Dietary Data

The snacking prevalence, frequency of daily snack consumption, and the contribution of snacks to daily energy intake have substantially increased globally. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns of snack consumption among a representative sample of Canadians aged 2 and older. Nationally representative dietary data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) conducted in 2015 (n = 19,677 participants aged ≥2 years) were used to describe snacking patterns. In all, 80.4% of Canadians reported consuming at least one snack per day, which varied between different age groups from 77.0% (≥55 years) to 96.4% (2–5 years). About 37% of snack consumers reported only one snack episode per day but nearly 10% reported four or more episodes of snacking. Snacking contributed to nearly 23% of total daily energy intake in Canadians, which was highest among younger children (27%) and lowest among older adults (20.8%). There were no significant differences in obesity measures comparing snack consumers and non-consumers in children and adults. Snacking considerably contributes to total nutrient and energy intake of Canadians. Promoting nutrient-dense snacks provides an opportunity to improve overall diet quality.

The effect of daily energy intake on growth rate and composition of weight gain in pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H.M. Metz ◽  
P.L. Bergström ◽  
N.P. Lenis ◽  
M. De Wijs ◽  
R.A. Dekker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Daily Energy

scholarly journals Energy balance in obesity

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Exercise Activity ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

The current epidemic of human obesity implies that whilst energy balance appears to be regulated, the extent of this regulatory process is being overwhelmed in large numbers of the population by environmental changes. Clearly, the shift towards positive energy balance reflects both alterations in energy intake and decreases in physical activity. Increased energy intake and, in particular, the rising proportion of energy from fat is linked with obesity. However, on a population level reduced levels of activity probably play the predominant role. It is apparent that individual susceptibility to weight gain varies enormously. The factors underlying this susceptibility are an area of intense research interest. Variations in BMR from that predicted appear to be linked to the propensity to gain weight. The genes responsible for this variation may include uncoupling proteins-2 and -3, with a number of studies showing a link with obesity. However,in vivostudies of these proteins have not yet demonstrated a physiological role for them that would explain the link with obesity. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis may also protect from weight gain, but the regulation of this type of thermogenesis is unclear, although the sympathetic nervous system may be important. A profusion of hormones, cytokines and neurotransmitters is involved in regulating energy intake, but whilst mutations in leptin and the melanocortin-3 receptor are responsible for rare monogenic forms of obesity, their wider role in common polygenic obesity is not known. Much current work is directed at examining the interplay between genetic background and environmental factors, in particular diet, that both lead to positive energy balance and seem to make it so hard for many obese subjects to lose weight.

scholarly journals Are Antidepressants Associated with Energy Intake and Obesity Among U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1148-1148
Author(s):  
Juliana Toro ◽  
Lais Botelho ◽  
Adriana Campa ◽  
Cristina Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prescription Medication ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Antidepressant Use

Abstract Objectives Depression and use of antidepressants in U.S. adolescents and young adults are becoming more prevalent. Antidepressant use may lead to higher energy intake and obesity; however, the evidence is not clear. Our objective was to assess whether energy intake and obesity differ between U.S. adolescents and young adults on antidepressants and those who are not. Methods Data from the NHANES 2015–2016 on prescription medication use, energy intake and weight status were obtained for participants 10–34 years. Inclusion criteria were completion of two dietary recalls, not underweight and non-pregnant women. Energy intake between users and non-users of antidepressants was compared using ANCOVA, adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and use of weight loss or weight gain diets and for obesity prevalence, we used Chi-square. Results The sample consisted of 802 adolescents (10–17 years) and 1126 young adults (18–34 years), with 50.7% female and 32.4% Hispanic, 27.9% White, 22.6% Black, 22.4% Multi-racial/other and 11.7% Asian. Obesity was 15.7% in adolescents and 35.1% in young adults and use of antidepressants was 2.4% in adolescents and 4.3% in young adults. Energy intake was higher among antidepressants’ users (2208 ± 780 kcals) compared to non-users (1982 ± 718 kcals; P < 0.001) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and weight loss/gain diet. In adolescents, energy intake was higher among antidepressants’ users (2145 ± 951 kcals) compared to non-users (1898 ± 676 kcals; P < 0.001). In young adults, energy intake was higher among users of antidepressants (2233 ± 712 kcals vs. non-users 2044 ± 742 kcals; P < 0.001). Obesity prevalence was higher among users (40.3% vs. non-users 26.5%, P = 0.038). When the two age groups were independently analyzed, obesity in young adults was significantly higher among users (47.9% vs. non-users 34.5%, P = 0.016), however, obesity in adolescents was not significantly different between groups (21.1% users vs.15.6% non-users, P = 0.682). Conclusions In this study, the use of antidepressants was associated with higher energy intake and higher prevalence of obesity, mainly in young adults. These results could be relevant when providing nutrition counseling to adolescents and young adults receiving pharmaceutical treatment for depression to help prevent excess energy intake and weight gain. Funding Sources FIU internal funds.

Abstract 08: Daily Energy Intake Distribution And Weight Gain In Women

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lajous ◽  
Emilie Rossignol ◽  
Agnes Fournier ◽  
Guy Fagherazzi ◽  
Beverley Balkau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
P Value ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Weight ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Daily Energy

Background: Evidence points to an inverse relation between breakfast and obesity. Little information is available on the distribution of energy intake during the day and weight gain. Methods: We evaluated the relation of the distribution of daily energy intake, eating frequency and weight change and weight gain in a prospective study of 61,543 disease-free French women in the E3N- EPIC cohort. At baseline in 1993, participants responded to a validated questionnaire on habitual diet over eight possible daily eating occasions. We calculated energy intake at various moments during the day. Women were categorized according to the energy distribution (% energy of total) for each eating moment into quintiles and according to the number of calorie-containing meals. Self-reported weight was updated on six occasions after baseline, using mailed questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate mean weight change and Cox models to assess weight gain ≥5kg. Results: Between 1993 and 2008, the mean weight change was +2.45 kg (SD± 0.2) and 22,808 women gained ≥5kg. After multivariable adjustment (including total energy), higher energy intake at breakfast was associated with a lower positive weight change from baseline, while higher energy intake at night was associated with a higher positive weight change (p-value <0.0001) (Figure). No association was observed for energy intake at midday or mid-afternoon. In multivariable models, HRs of gaining ≥5kg were 0.90 (95%CI 0.86-0.94; p-trend <0.0001) and 1.09 (95%CI 1.04-1.15; p-trend <0.0001) for women in the highest compared to the lowest energy consumption category at breakfast and at dinner, respectively. Conversely, eating frequency was directly associated to weight change (p-value <0.0001) but not ≥5kg weight gain. Conclusion: Higher percent energy intake at breakfast was associated with a lower weight gain, while higher percent energy intake at dinner was associated with higher weight gain. The distribution of daily energy may be important for maintaining a healthy weight.

scholarly journals The Importance of Energy Balance

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O Hill ◽  
Holly R Wyatt ◽  
John C Peters ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Behaviour Changes ◽  
Developed World

Globally, bodyweight and obesity are rising in both the developing and developed world. To maintain a stable bodyweight, energy intake must, over time, exactly equal energy expenditure, a state known as energy balance. An understanding of the physiologic control of energy balance may be useful for designing interventions to tackle the obesity epidemic worldwide. Obesity occurs when the body’s energy balance is positive (i.e. when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure). Human physiology is biased towards maintaining energy balance at high levels of energy intake and expenditure. As a result, strategies to combat obesity should include a focus on increasing physical activity along with strategies for modifying food intake. An understanding of energy balance leads to the conclusion that prevention of weight gain should be easier than treatment of obesity. Components of energy balance are interdependent, and weight loss requires major behaviour changes, which trigger compensatory decreases in energy expenditure that facilitate weight regain. Prevention of weight gain can be accomplished by smaller behaviour changes. In addition to being easier to sustain than larger behaviour changes, smaller ones produce less compensation by the energy balance regulatory system. It has been estimated that relatively small changes in energy intake and expenditure totaling 100 kcal per day could arrest weight gain in most people. Interventions that advocate small changes have shown promising levels of success.

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