scholarly journals The Contribution of Confectionery to the Global Obesity Epidemic: a Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simonetta Ballali ◽  
Maria Gabriella Vecchio ◽  
Daniele Chiffi ◽  
Claudia Elena Gafare ◽  
Dario Gregori
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sugar Source

Obesity has become, nowadays, a global concern affecting both developed and developing countries. Nutrition and physical activity represent the major factors influencing energy balance and subsequently weight status. Deciding toward an appropriate intake of all nutrients is seen as necessary to maintain a wholesome lifestyle: among nutrients, sugar plays a major role and its consumption has long been seen as an issue in public health, due to its possible role in displacing or diluting nutrients in the diet and contributing to the epidemic of obesity. A research on Pubmed was assessed to evaluate the impact of confectionery consumption, as sugar source, on the daily energy intake. The studies considered in the current paper generally failed to show that confectionery consumption leads necessarily to a shift of energy intake. Anyway, considering that till now, very few works on this topic were conducted, more researches are necessary to demonstrate the effective influence of confectionery on daily energy intake.

scholarly journals Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and association with weight status in Irish children: a cross-sectional study prior to the introduction of a government tax on sugar-sweetened beverages

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2234-2244
Author(s):  
Janas M Harrington ◽  
Catherine Perry ◽  
Eimear Keane ◽  
Ivan J Perry
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Sweetened Beverage ◽  
Daily Energy

AbstractObjective:To provide baseline evidence of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in a sample of Irish children prior to the introduction of the SSB tax; to identify the energy contribution of SSB to daily energy intake; and to explore the association between SSB consumption and overweight/obesity.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Primary schools in Cork, Ireland in 2012.Participants:1075 boys and girls aged 8–11 years. SSB consumption was assessed from 3-d food diaries. BMI was used to define obesity (International Obesity Taskforce definitions). Plausible energy reporters (n 724, 68 % of total sample) were classified using Schofield equation.Results:Eighty-two per cent of children with plausible energy intake consumed SSB. Mean energy intake from SSB was 485 kJ (6 % of total kJ). Mean kilojoules from SSB increased with weight status from 443 kJ for normal-weight children to 648 kJ for children with overweight/obesity (5·8 and 7·6 % of total kJ, respectively). Mean SSB intake was significantly higher in children with overweight/obesity than normal-weight children (383 and 315 ml/d). In adjusted analyses, children consuming >200 ml/d had an 80 % increased odds of overweight/obesity compared to those consuming <200 ml/d (OR 1·8, 95 % CI 1·0, 3·5). Family socioeconomic status and lifestyle determinants, including frequency of takeaway consumption and TV viewing, were also significantly associated with SSB consumption.Conclusions:SSB account for a substantial proportion of daily energy intake and are significantly associated with child overweight/obesity. This study provides baseline data from a sample of children from which the impact of the SSB tax can be benchmarked.

scholarly journals The Impact of FTO Genetic Variants on Obesity and Its Metabolic Consequences is Dependent on Daily Macronutrient Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3255
Author(s):  
Przemyslaw Czajkowski ◽  
Edyta Adamska-Patruno ◽  
Witold Bauer ◽  
Joanna Fiedorczuk ◽  
Urszula Krasowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Numerous studies have identified the various fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genetic variants associated with obesity and its metabolic consequences; however, the impact of dietary factors on these associations remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), daily macronutrient intake, and obesity and its metabolic consequences. From 1549 Caucasian subjects of Polish origin, genotyped for the FTO SNPs (rs3751812, rs8044769, rs8050136, and rs9939609), 819 subjects were selected for gene–diet interaction analysis. Anthropometric measurements were performed and total body fat content and distribution, blood glucose and insulin concentration during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and lipid profile were determined. Macronutrient intake was analyzed based on three-day food records, and daily physical activity levels were evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Long Form (IPAQ-LF). Our study shows that carriers of the GG genotype of rs3751812 presented lower body weight, body mass index (BMI), total body fat content, and hip and waist circumference and presented lower obesity-related markers if more than 48% of daily energy intake was derived from carbohydrates and lower subcutaneous and visceral fat content when energy intake derived from dietary fat did not exceed 30%. Similar results were observed for rs8050136 CC genotype carriers. We did not notice any significant differences in obesity markers between genotypes of rs8044769, but we did observe a significant impact of diet-gene associations. Body weight and BMI were significantly higher in TT and CT genotype carriers if daily energy intake derived from carbohydrates was less than 48%. Moreover, in TT genotype carriers, we observed higher blood glucose concentration while fasting and during the OGTT test if more than 18% of total energy intake was derived from proteins. In conclusion, our results indicate that daily macronutrient intake may modulate the impact of FTO genetic SNPs on obesity and obesity-related metabolic consequences.

scholarly journals Change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults, 1999–2010

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1343-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruopeng An ◽  
Nicholas A Burd
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Compositional Change ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the change in daily energy intake associated with pairwise compositional change in carbohydrate, fat and protein intake among US adults stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.DesignLinear mixture model was performed to estimate the relationship between daily energy intake and macronutrient composition, adjusted for age and alcohol consumption, and accounting for survey design.SettingStudy sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2010 waves.SubjectsA total of 27 589 US adults aged 20 years and older were included in the study. Dietary macronutrient intake was calculated from 24 h dietary recall and BMI from objectively measured weight/height.ResultsAcross all population subgroups, substituting protein or carbohydrate for fat and substituting protein for carbohydrate were associated with decreased daily energy intake, with the largest effect resulting from substituting protein for fat. A 1 % increase in the percentage of energy from protein substituted for a 1 % decrease in the percentage of energy from fat was associated with a decrease in daily energy intake of 268·2 (95 % CI 169·0, 367·4) kJ, 289·5 (95 % CI 215·9, 363·2) kJ and 293·7 (95 % CI 210·0, 377·4) kJ among normal-weight (18·5≤BMI, kg/m2<25·0), overweight (25·0≤BMI, kg/m2<30·0) and obese (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2) men, and 177·4 (95 % CI 130·5, 224·3) kJ, 188·7 (95 % CI 139·3, 238·1) kJ and 204·2 (95 % CI 158·2, 250·2) kJ among normal-weight, overweight and obese women, respectively. The relationship between macronutrient composition and daily energy intake varied substantially across sex, race/ethnicity and weight status.ConclusionsPolicies promoting higher daily protein intake at the expense of lower fat intake could be effective in reducing total energy intake among US adults.

The impact of post-resistance exercise protein consumption on subsequent appetite and daily energy intake of sarcopenic older men: a pilot study

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Maltais ◽  
Morgane Du Bois-Dit-Bonclaude ◽  
Taha Amamou ◽  
Eléonor Riesco ◽  
Isabelle J. Dionne
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Nightshift Work on Evening Energy Intake, Diet Quality and Meal Timing in the Family: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
Alan Flanagan ◽  
Elizabeth Lowson ◽  
Bruce A. Griffin ◽  
Debra J. Skene
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Dependent Children ◽  
Meal Timing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Uk National Health Service ◽  
The Impact

The percentage of women working regular nightshift work has increased in the past decade. While nightshift work has the potential to exert adverse effects on dietary habits, little is known about the impact of a parent working nightshifts on dietary habits in the family. We analysed energy intake, meal timing, and diet quality among dependent children and male partners of 20 female UK National Health Service (NHS) nurses working rotational nightshifts. Comparing nightshift against non-nightshift conditions, we hypothesised that maternal nightshift work would affect the evening energy intake, diet quality and time of eating of dependent children and adult partners. Primary outcomes were absolute energy intake and the proportion of daily energy intake consumed in the evening (16:00–23:59 h). Our results show that in pre-teen children aged 8–12 years (n = 13, mean ± SD, 9.9 ± 1.6 yrs; 9 males), the proportion of total daily energy intake consumed during periods of nightshift work was significantly greater compared to periods of non-nightshifts (45.7% ± 8.8% vs. 39.7% ± 7.0%, mean ± SD, p = 0.012). There was no effect of nightshift work on dietary habits in teenage children or partners. The finding of a greater proportion of daily energy consumed in the evening period in pre-teen children is noteworthy, as it suggests that pre-teen children more dependent than older teenage children may be more vulnerable to disruptions to dietary patterns associated with maternal nightshift work.

scholarly journals Available Starch: from food process control to lower glycemic response

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinoy Sophie ◽  
Gautier Cesbron-Lavau ◽  
Alexandra Meynier ◽  
Aurélie Goux
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Food Processes

AbstractStarch is one of the major sources of carbohydrates (CHO) contributing to about 50–70% of the daily energy intake in human diet. Processed foods contribute to an important part of daily energy intake, especially in occidental countries. During food processing, starch undergoes dramatic changes when heated in the presence of water or high pressure. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of controlling food processes on starch digestibility profile in cereal-based foods and the interest of preserving starch in its native, slowly digestible, form on in vivo metabolic fate.Four different food processes were evaluated: extrusion, dry bread, soft cake and rotary-moulded biscuit. The resulting differences in gelatinization of each product translated to different SDS levels. Imaging techniques (X-ray diffraction, microtomography and electronic microscopy) were used to investigate the changes in SDS structure obtained through the different food processes. For in vivo evaluation, 12 healthy subjects were recruited and consumed a portion of 50 g of available CHOs of each product, in a crossover design. Glycemic and insulin responses were evaluated over 120 minutes in postprandial period.We showed that rotary molding technology preserved starch in its intact form and provided the highest SDS content (28g/100g) when the three other technologies (dried bread, soft cake and extrusion) led to SDS content below 3g/100 g. In addition, the lowest SDS contents are explained by a higher level of starch structure disruption which translated in a shift from crystalline structure into amorphous one. These data were linked to in vivo results. The global analysis for GI indicated that a significant difference existed among the foods’ mean GI values (p < 0.0001). Rotary product showed the lowest GI values. The soft, the dried bread had medium GI and extruded product had the highest GI with 77. The global analysis for II indicated that a significant difference existed among the foods’ mean II values (p < 0.0001), with the same order as for GI values. In addition, a portion of rotary-molded biscuit decreased significantly the glycemic peak by 1 mM compared to the 3 other products.Decrease of postprandial glycemia is a meaningful target in the prevention of metabolic diseases. This can be achieved through the modification of dietary factors such as starch digestibility.

scholarly journals A medium-term intervention study on the impact of high- and low-fat snacks varying in sweetness and fat content: large shifts in daily fat intake but good compensation for daily energy intake

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare L. Lawton ◽  
Helen J. Delargy ◽  
Fiona C. Smith ◽  
Vikki Hamilton ◽  
John E. Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Eating Pattern ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Snack Consumption ◽  
The Impact

Thirty-six normal-weight, habitual snackers (eighteen males, eighteen females) completed a medium-term intervention study designed to examine the tendency of four different types of snacks, varying in nutrient (low- (LF) or high-fat (HF)) and sensory properties (sweet (SW) or non-sweet (NSW)), to influence the control of appetite and to adjust daily energy intake. Subjects were exposed to each snack category for a 3-week period and were asked to consume a minimum number of snacks each day so that at least 25% of their daily energy intake would be derived from the test snacks. Energy and macronutrient intakes from the test snacks were calculated every day and also from other eating episodes (using 3 d food diary records) during the third week of snack exposure. Subjects consumed more energy/d from the SW snacks than from the NSW snacks, with most energy being consumed from the HF/SW snacks (3213 kJ) and least energy from the LF/NSW snacks (1628 kJ). This differential snack intake remained stable across the whole snack exposure period. Total daily energy intake did not differ significantly during exposure to any of the four snack types. Furthermore, the encouragement to eat freely from the test snacks did not lead to daily overconsumption of energy when compared with pre-study intakes. Hence, the level of snack consumption was largely compensated for by the energy consumed from the rest of the eating pattern. Although daily energy intake during exposure to the HF snacks was an average of 364 kJ higher (NS) than that during exposure to the LF snacks, the clearest and most significant effect of snack consumption was on daily macronutrient intake. Appreciable consumption of the HF snacks raised the percentage of total daily energy intake consumed as fat from 37 to 41% (P < 0.01). In contrast, the LF snacks reduced daily fat intake to 33.5% (LF/SW, P < 0.05; LF/NSW, NS) of total daily energy. The results, therefore, suggest that, in habitual snackers, generous consumption of LF snacks, when compared with HF snacks, is an effective strategy to reduce fat intake so that it approaches the recommendations of dietary guidelines without increasing total daily energy intake.

scholarly journals Dietary Effects of Replacing Carbohydrate-based Breakfast Foods with Eggs in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes (P08-044-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orsolya Palacios ◽  
Kevin Maki ◽  
Mary Buggia ◽  
Mary Dicklin ◽  
Marjorie Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives To assess the effect of breakfast egg intake, vs. energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO)-based foods, on daily energy and select nutrient intakes in free-living adults at-risk for type 2 diabetes. Methods Overweight or obese adults with prediabetes and/or metabolic syndrome were included in this randomized crossover study consisting of two 4-wk dietary intervention periods, separated by a ≥4 wk washout. During each intervention, subjects consumed study products containing either 2 eggs/d, 6 d/wk (12 eggs/wk) at breakfast, or energy-matched CHO-based foods. Means for energy and macronutrient contents of the study breakfast meals for both interventions were approximately 550 kcal, 31–32% energy from fat and 10.5% energy from saturated fat; protein energy was 25.9% and 12.1% for the egg and CHO meals, respectively. Subjects were instructed to incorporate the study breakfast meals into their habitual diets and maintain other lifestyle habits. Daily energy, macronutrients, fiber, cholesterol, sodium and calcium intakes were assessed by 3-d diet records at baseline and at the end of each condition. Dietary data was analyzed using the Food Processor software (v11.4). Results Overall, 30 subjects (11 male; 19 female) with mean age of 53.5 ± 1.9 y and body mass index (BMI) of 31.9 ± 0.7 kg/m2 provided evaluable data. Reported median daily energy intake during the egg condition was 2145 kcal, which was significantly (P = 0.008) higher than the 1996 kcal reported during the CHO condition (see Table). Dietary analyses indicate the 149 kcal/d difference was due to intake of foods other than the study products. Despite the higher reported energy intake during the egg condition, weight change from baseline did not differ between the interventions (–0.1 and 0.2 kg, for egg and CHO conditions, respectively). Median % energy intake from CHO was significantly lower and daily sodium and cholesterol intakes significantly higher during the egg condition. Conclusions Intake of 12 eggs/wk at breakfast, vs. energy-matched CHO foods, resulted in greater reported daily energy intake and no change in body weight. Further investigation is needed to assess the impact of egg-based breakfast meals on appetite and energy expenditure. Funding Sources American Egg Board/Egg Nutrition Center, Park Ridge, IL. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Adult Snacking Frequency and Energy Contribution Definitions Result in Different Relationships with Body Mass Index and Adiposity, NHANES 2013–2016 (P08-006-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Higgins ◽  
Regan Bailey ◽  
Alexandra Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Sagittal Abdominal Diameter ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Hispanic Origin ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Daily Energy

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this analysis was to compare the association between adult snacking frequency and weight status and central adiposity across various definitions of a snack. Specifically, we investigated whether the definition of a snack alters the odds ratio (OR) of having overweight or obesity (OW/OB, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) by consumption frequency and the contribution to total daily energy intake. In addition, we compared the OR of waist circumference risk (WC ≥ 102 men; 88 cm women) and sagittal abdominal diameter risk (SAD ≥ 25 men and 24 cm women) with snacking frequency and contribution to total daily energy using three common snack definitions. Methods Anthropometric measurements, one 24HR dietary recall, and demographic information (sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, income, and smoking status) from U.S. adults (≥20y; n = 20,146) collected during NHANES 2013–2016 were used in this analysis. Snacking events were defined by one of three definitions: 1) events defined by the reporter as a “snack,” 2) any event outside of a typical meal time (i.e., breakfast, lunch, dinner, super, brunch), or 3) ingestion events that contribute <15% of total daily energy intake. PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC was used to calculate OR of elevated OW/OB, WC, and SAD with snacking frequency and % of energy contributed by snacks. One snack per day was used 5–15% of daily energy from snacks were used as reference values. Results Consumption of 3 or 4 snacks per day versus 1 snack per day was associated with decreased odds of OW/OB among women when a snack was defined as an event contributing <15% of today daily energy intake when controlled for demographic characteristics (OR, 95% CI = 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) and 0.72 (0.55, 0.94) for 3 and 4 snacks, respectively) but not when controlling for accuracy of energy intake reporting (0.75 (0.57, 0.99) and 0.93 (0.71, 1.22)). Snacking frequency was not associated with odds of OW/OB among women with any other snack definition. Snack frequency was not associated with odds of OW/OB for men regardless of snack definition. Conclusions The association between snacking frequency and weight status and central adiposity is inconsistent and varies by snack definition among men and women. Clarification of snack definition should be emphasized when examining effects of snacking patterns and obesity and health outcomes. Funding Sources NA

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