scholarly journals Influence of Rule and Reward-based Strategies on Inferences of Serial Order by Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allain-Thibeault Ferhat ◽  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Herbert S. Terrace ◽  
Vincent P. Ferrera
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
The Face ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Selection Of

Knowledge of transitive relationships between items can contribute to learning the order of a set of stimuli from pairwise comparisons. However, cognitive mechanisms of transitive inferences based on rank order remain unclear, as are contributions of reward magnitude and rule-based inference. To explore these issues, we created a conflict between rule- and reward-based learning during a serial ordering task. Rhesus macaques learned two lists, each containing five stimuli, that were trained exclusively with adjacent pairs. Selection of the higher-ranked item resulted in rewards. "Small reward" lists yielded 2 drops of fluid reward, while "large reward" lists yielded 5 drops. Following training of adjacent pairs, monkeys were tested on novels pairs. One item was selected from each list, such that a ranking rule could conflict with preferences for large rewards. Differences in associated reward magnitude had a strong influence on accuracy, but we also observed a symbolic distance effect. That provided evidence of a rule-based influence on decisions. Reaction time comparisons suggested a conflict between rule and reward-based processes. We conclude that performance reflects the contributions of two strategies, and that a model-based strategy is employed in the face of a strong countervailing reward incentive.

scholarly journals Neuronal Responses in Posterior Parietal Cortex during Learning of Implied Serial Order

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Munoz ◽  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Benjamin C. Kennedy ◽  
Yelda Alkan ◽  
Herbert S. Terrace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Serial Order ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTMonkeys are able to learn the implied ordering of pairs of images drawn from an ordered set, without ever seeing all of the images simultaneously and without explicit spatial or temporal cues. The learning of implied order differs from learning of explicit visual or motor sequences. We recorded the activity of parietal neurons in rhesus macaques while they learned 7-item TI lists when only 2 items were presented on each trial. Behavior and ensemble neuronal activity were significantly influenced by the ordinal relationship of the stimulus pairs, specifically symbolic distance (the difference in rank) and joint ranks (the sum of the ranks). Symbolic distance strongly predicted decision accuracy, and learning was consistently faster as symbolic distance increased. An effect of joint rank on performance was also found nested within the symbolic distance effect. Across the population of neurons, there was significant modulation of firing correlated with the relative ranks of the two stimuli presented on each trial. Neurons exhibited selectivity for stimulus rank during learning, but not before or after. The observed behavior during learning is best explained by a virtual workspace model, not by associative or reward mechanisms. The neural data support a role for posterior parietal cortex in representing several variables that contribute to serial learning, particularly information about the ordinal ranks of the stimuli presented during a given trial. Thus, parietal cortex appears to belong to a neural substrate for learning and representing abstract relationships in a virtual workspace.

scholarly journals Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Yelda Alkan ◽  
Vincent P Ferrera ◽  
Herbert S Terrace
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Transitive Inference ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Correct Rule ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
The Face ◽  
Countervailing Incentives

The observation that monkeys appear to make transitive inferences has been taken as evidence of their ability to form and manipulate mental representations. However, alternative explanations have been proposed arguing that transitive inference performance based on expected or experienced reward value. To test the contribution of reward value to monkeys’ behavior in TI paradigms, we performed two experiments in which we manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item in an ordered list. In these experiments, monkeys were presented with pairs of items drawn from the list, and delivered rewards if subjects selected the item with the earlier list rank. When reward magnitude was biased to favor later list items, correct responding was reduced. However, monkeys eventually learned to make correct rule-based choices despite countervailing incentives. The results demonstrate that monkeys’ performance in TI paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward, but that they are able to make appropriate inferences in the face of discordant reward associations.

scholarly journals Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Yelda Alkan ◽  
Vincent P Ferrera ◽  
Herbert S Terrace
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Transitive Inference ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Correct Rule ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
The Face ◽  
Countervailing Incentives

The observation that monkeys appear to make transitive inferences has been taken as evidence of their ability to form and manipulate mental representations. However, alternative explanations have been proposed arguing that transitive inference performance based on expected or experienced reward value. To test the contribution of reward value to monkeys’ behavior in TI paradigms, we performed two experiments in which we manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item in an ordered list. In these experiments, monkeys were presented with pairs of items drawn from the list, and delivered rewards if subjects selected the item with the earlier list rank. When reward magnitude was biased to favor later list items, correct responding was reduced. However, monkeys eventually learned to make correct rule-based choices despite countervailing incentives. The results demonstrate that monkeys’ performance in TI paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward, but that they are able to make appropriate inferences in the face of discordant reward associations.

scholarly journals Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Yelda Alkan ◽  
Vincent P Ferrera ◽  
Herbert S Terrace
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Transitive Inference ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Correct Rule ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
The Face ◽  
Countervailing Incentives

The observation that monkeys appear to make transitive inferences has been taken as evidence of their ability to form and manipulate mental representations. However, alternative explanations have been proposed arguing that transitive inference performance based on expected or experienced reward value. To test the contribution of reward value to monkeys’ behavior in TI paradigms, we performed two experiments in which we manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item in an ordered list. In these experiments, monkeys were presented with pairs of items drawn from the list, and delivered rewards if subjects selected the item with the earlier list rank. When reward magnitude was biased to favor later list items, correct responding was reduced. However, monkeys eventually learned to make correct rule-based choices despite countervailing incentives. The results demonstrate that monkeys’ performance in TI paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward, but that they are able to make appropriate inferences in the face of discordant reward associations.

scholarly journals Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Jensen ◽  
Yelda Alkan ◽  
Vincent P Ferrera ◽  
Herbert S Terrace
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Transitive Inference ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Correct Rule ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
The Face ◽  
Countervailing Incentives

The observation that monkeys appear to make transitive inferences has been taken as evidence of their ability to form and manipulate mental representations. However, alternative explanations have been proposed arguing that transitive inference performance based on expected or experienced reward value. To test the contribution of reward value to monkeys’ behavior in TI paradigms, we performed two experiments in which we manipulated the amount of reward associated with each item in an ordered list. In these experiments, monkeys were presented with pairs of items drawn from the list, and delivered rewards if subjects selected the item with the earlier list rank. When reward magnitude was biased to favor later list items, correct responding was reduced. However, monkeys eventually learned to make correct rule-based choices despite countervailing incentives. The results demonstrate that monkeys’ performance in TI paradigms is not driven solely by expected reward, but that they are able to make appropriate inferences in the face of discordant reward associations.

The Symbolic Distance Effect for Alphabetic Order Judgements: A Subjective Report and Reaction Time Analysis

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. E. Hamilton ◽  
A. J. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Reaction Time Analysis ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
Symbolic Distance Effect ◽  
Symbolic Distance ◽  
Selection Of

The time needed to decide whether a pair of letters is in the correct alphabetic order varies inversely with alphabetic separation. This is an example of a phenomenon generally found with the comparison of ordered symbols or concepts, called the symbolic distance effect (Moyer and Bayer, 1976). It is argued that when letters are compared, an important determinant of this effect is the degree to which subjects subvocally run-through parts of the alphabet to determine the correctness of the order of a stimulus pair. A trial-by-trial introspection procedure coupled with reaction time measurements is used in the present experiment, in which letter order judgements were made over a range of separations. RTs increased with increasing number of letters in the reported run-through. At small letter separations, run-through occurred more frequently, and this was found to be the basis of the symbolic distance effect. For trials on which no run-through was reported the symbolic distance effect was absent. The data are summarized as a model in which comparisons are made from directly available order information from memory, or with an additional run-through process. The details of the run-through process suggest that groupings learned in childhood are probably involved in the selection of the starting letter for run-through.

PEMILIHAN KEPLING TELADAN MENERAPKAN METODE RANK ORDER CENTROID (ROC) DAN METODE ADDITIVE RATIO ASSESSMENT (ARAS) DI KECAMATAN MEDAN AREA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Handayani ◽  
Muhammad Syahrizal ◽  
Kennedi Tampubolon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Priority Level ◽  
The Village ◽  
Field Area ◽  
Selection Of

The head of the environment is an extension of the head of the village head in assisting or providing services to the community both in the administration of administration in the village and to other problems. It is natural for a kepling to be appreciated for their performance during their special tenure in the kecamatan field area. Previously, the selection of a dipling in a sub-district was very inefficient and seemed unfair for this exemplary selection to use a system to produce an accurate value, and no intentional element. To overcome the process of selecting an exemplary kepling that experiences these obstacles by using an application called a Decision Support System. Decision Support System (SPK) is a system that can solve a problem, and this system is also assisted with several methods, namely the Rank Order Centroid (ROC) method that can assign weight values to each of the criteria based on their priority level. And to do the ranking or determine an exemplary set using the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method, this method provides decision making that takes decisions based on ranking or the highest value.Keywords: Head of Medan Area Subdistrict, SPK, Centroid Rank Order, Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS).

Evaluation of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Assessing Causal Attribution of Clinical Outcome to Homeopathic Intervention as Presented in Case Reports

Homeopathy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 109 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
Chetna Deep Lamba ◽  
Vishwa Kumar Gupta ◽  
Robbert van Haselen ◽  
Lex Rutten ◽  
Nidhi Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the reliability and content validity of the “Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory” as a tool for attributing a causal relationship between the homeopathic intervention and outcome in clinical case reports. Methods Purposive sampling was adopted for the selection of information-rich case reports using pre-defined criteria. Eligible case reports had to fulfil a minimum of nine items of the CARE Clinical Case Reporting Guideline checklist and a minimum of three of the homeopathic HOM-CASE CARE extension items. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy Inventory consists of 10 domains. Inter-rater agreement in the scoring of these domains was determined by calculating the percentage agreement and kappa (κ) values. A κ greater than 0.4, indicating fair agreement between raters, in conjunction with the absence of concerns regarding the face validity, was taken to indicate the validity of a given domain. Each domain was assessed by four raters for the selected case reports. Results Sixty case reports met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement/concordance per domain was “perfect” for domains 1 (100%, κ = 1.00) and 2 (100%, κ = 1.00); “almost perfect” for domain 8 (97.5%, κ = 0.86); “substantial” for domains 3 (96.7%, κ = 0.80) and 5 (91.1%, κ = 0.70); “moderate” for domains 4 (83.3%, κ = 0.60), 7 (67.8%, κ = 0.46) and 9 (99.2%, κ = 0.50); and “fair” for domain 10 (56.1%, κ = 0.38). For domains 6A (46.7%, κ = 0.03) and 6B (50.3%, κ = 0.18), there was “slight agreement” only. Thus, the validity of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy tool was established for each of its domains, except for the two that pertain to direction of cure (domains 6A and 6B). Conclusion The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory was identified as a valid tool for assessing the likelihood of a causal relationship between a homeopathic intervention and clinical outcome. Improved wordings for several criteria have been proposed for the assessment tool, under the new acronym “MONARCH”. Further assessment of two MONARCH domains is required.

scholarly journals The construction of leadership practice: Making sense of leader competencies

Leadership ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 174271502199649
Author(s):  
Dag Jansson ◽  
Erik Døving ◽  
Beate Elstad
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Leadership Competencies ◽  
The Self ◽  
Leadership Practice ◽  
Choral Conductors ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Sensemaking Process ◽  
The Face ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Selection Of

The notion of leadership competencies is a much-debated issue. In this article, we propose that how the leader makes sense of his or her competencies is key to leadership practice. Specifically, we look at how leaders reconcile discrepancies between the self-perceived proficiency of various competencies and their corresponding importance. Empirically, we study leaders within the music domain – how choral conductors make sense of their competencies in the shaping of their professional practice. We investigated how choral leaders in Scandinavia ( N = 638) made sense of their competencies in the face of demands in their working situations. A mixed methodology was used, comprising a quantitative survey with qualitative comments and in-depth interviews with a selection of the respondents. The results show that when choral leaders shape their practice, they frequently face competency gaps that compel them to act or adjust their identity. The key to this sensemaking process is how they move competency elements they master to the foreground and wanting elements to the background. The concept of ‘sensemaking affordance’ is introduced to account for how various leader competency categories are negotiated to safeguard overall efficacy.

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