scholarly journals Mucosal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in paediatric and adult patients: a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Chan ◽  
Kate C Chan ◽  
Grace CY Lui ◽  
Joseph GS Tsun ◽  
Kathy YY Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Specific Igg

Conjunctival and nasal mucosal antibody responses in thirty-four paediatric and forty-seven adult COVID-19 patients were measured. The mucosal antibody was IgA dominant. In the nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) of asymptomatic paediatric patients, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein 1 (S1) specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) was induced early. Their plasma S1-specific IgG levels were higher than symptomatic patients. More adult with mild disease had NELF S1-specific IgA than those with severe/critical illness. Within the first week of diagnosis, higher S1-specific antibodies in NELF and plasma and lower vial loads were detected in paediatric than adult patients with mild disease. The IgA and IgG levels correlated positively with the surrogate neutralization readout. The detectable NELF neutralizing S1-specific IgA in the first week after diagnosis correlated with a rapid decline in viral load. This study highlights the effect of nasal IgA in limiting the SARS-CoV-2 replication and provides complementary information to the serum antibody measurements.

scholarly journals Oral Administration of Influenza Vaccine in Combination with the Adjuvants LT-K63 and LT-R72 Induces Potent Immune Responses Comparable to or Stronger than Traditional Intramuscular Immunization

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Barackman ◽  
Gary Ott ◽  
Samuel Pine ◽  
Derek T. O'Hagan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Mucosal Immunization ◽  
Influenza Hemagglutinin ◽  
Immunization Strategies ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Intragastric Gavage

ABSTRACT Mucosal immunization strategies are actively being pursued in the hopes of improving the efficacy of vaccines against the influenza virus. Our group investigated the oral immunization of mice via intragastric gavage with influenza hemagglutinin (HA) combined with mutant Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins K63 (LT-K63) and R72 (LT-R72). These oral immunizations resulted in potent serum antibody and HA inhibition titers, in some cases stronger than those obtained with traditional intramuscular administration, in addition to HA-specific immunoglobulin A in the saliva and nasal secretions. This study demonstrates that it may be possible to develop effective oral influenza vaccines.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinantly Attenuated Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Protection in a Murine Model

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 2031-2036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Stiles ◽  
Anthony R. Garza ◽  
Robert G. Ulrich ◽  
James W. Boles
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Toxic Shock ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Lethal Shock ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin

ABSTRACT Previous work in our laboratory revealed that mice parenterally vaccinated with recombinantly attenuated staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 develop protective antibodies against a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) toxin challenge. This study investigated the efficacy of nasal and oral immunizations with an SEB vaccine (SEBv) toward an i.p. or mucosal (via an aerosol) toxin challenge. Both vaccination routes, with the immunoadjuvant cholera toxin (CT), elicited comparable SEB-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG levels in saliva. Nasal or oral inoculations also generated SEB-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM in the serum, but the nasal route yielded higher specific IgG titers. SEBv alone, when given nasally or orally, did not induce any detectable SEB-specific antibody. Mice vaccinated mucosally were protected against a 50% lethal dose of wild-type SEB given i.p. or mucosally, thus demonstrating that nasal or oral administration of this SEBv, with CT, elicits systemic and mucosal antibodies to SEB that protect against SEB-induced lethal shock.

scholarly journals The Mucosal and Serological Immune Responses to the Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee W. Y. Chan ◽  
Shaojun Liu ◽  
Jonathan Y. Cheung ◽  
Joseph G. S. Tsun ◽  
Kate C. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Epithelial Lining Fluid ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Systemic Responses

BackgroundAlthough the serological antibody responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are well characterized, little is known about their ability to elicit mucosal immunity.ObjectivesThis study aims to examine and compare the mucosal and systemic responses of recipients of two different vaccination platforms: mRNA (Comirnaty) and inactivated virus (CoronaVac).MethodsSerial blood and nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) samples were collected from the recipients of either Comirnaty or CoronaVac. The plasma and NELF immunoglobulins A and G (IgA and IgG) specific to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein (S1) and their neutralization effects were quantified.ResultsComirnaty induced nasal S1-specific immunoglobulin responses, which were evident as early as 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. In 64% of the subjects, the neutralizing effects of NELF persisted for at least 50 days. Moreover, 85% of Comirnaty recipients exhibited S1-specific IgA and IgG responses in plasma by 14 ± 2 days after the first dose. By 7 ± 2 days after the booster, all plasma samples possessed S1-specific IgA and IgG responses and were neutralizing. The induction of S1-specific plasma antibodies by CoronaVac was IgG dominant, and 83% of the subjects possessed S1-specific IgG by 7 ± 2 days after the booster, with neutralizing effects.ConclusionComirnaty induces S1-specific IgA and IgG responses with neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa; a similar response is not seen with CoronaVac.Clinical ImplicationThe presence of a nasal response with mRNA vaccine may provide additional protection compared with inactivated virus vaccine. However, whether such widespread immunological response may produce inadvertent adverse effects in other tissues warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Spiramycin Treatment of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Pregnant Women Impairs the Production and the Avidity Maturation of T. gondii-Specific Immunoglobulin G Antibodies

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1517-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Meroni ◽  
F. Genco ◽  
C. Tinelli ◽  
P. Lanzarini ◽  
L. Bollani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
Avidity Maturation

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of treatment with spiramycin on the increase of immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers and IgG avidity indexes (AI) in pregnant women with seroconversion from the beginning of therapy until delivery and after delivery. This group was compared with adult patients with recently acquired untreated toxoplasmosis. One hundred four samples from 32 pregnant women with seroconversion for toxoplasmosis and/or very low IgG AI were followed from the beginning of therapy with spiramycin until delivery. Twenty-nine women were further followed some months after delivery and interruption of therapy. Thirty-eight samples from 16 untreated, nonpregnant patients were evaluated as the control group. The Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG antibody and the T. gondii-specific IgG AI were significantly delayed in pregnant women receiving therapy compared to nonpregnant, untreated controls, and the findings were consistent with the results of assays from two different manufacturers. The T. gondii-specific IgG AI increased in pregnant women after they gave birth. Avidity maturation is delayed during pregnancy and treatment, and low-avidity antibodies in pregnant women within 3 to 4 months cannot be taken as a sign of infection.

scholarly journals The immune landscape of IgA induction in the gut

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Seikrit ◽  
Oliver Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

AbstractAntibodies are key elements of protective immunity. In the mucosal immune system in particular, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), the most abundantly produced antibody isotype, protects against infections, shields the mucosal surface from toxins and environmental factors, and regulates immune homeostasis and a peaceful coexistence with our microbiota. However, the dark side of IgA biology promotes the formation of immune complexes and provokes pathologies, e.g., IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The precise mechanisms of how IgA responses become deregulated and pathogenic in IgAN remain unresolved. Yet, as the field of microbiota research moved into the limelight, our basic understanding of IgA biology has been taking a leap forward. Here, we discuss the structure of IgA, the anatomical and cellular foundation of mucosal antibody responses, and current concepts of how we envision the interaction of SIgA and the microbiota. We center on key concepts in the field while taking account of both historic findings and exciting new observations to provide a comprehensive groundwork for the understanding of IgA biology from the perspective of a mucosal immunologist.

scholarly journals Colonisation Factor CD0873, an Attractive Oral Vaccine Candidate against Clostridioides difficile

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Cansu Karyal ◽  
Jaime Hughes ◽  
Michelle L. Kelly ◽  
Jeni C. Luckett ◽  
Philip V. Kaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomembranous Colitis ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Gut Pathogens ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

Clostridioides difficile is the main cause of health-care-associated infectious diarrhoea. Toxins, TcdA and TcdB, secreted by this bacterium damage colonic epithelial cells and in severe cases this culminates in pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon and death. Vaccines in human trials have focused exclusively on the parenteral administration of toxin-based formulations. These vaccines promote toxin-neutralising serum antibodies but fail to confer protection from infection in the gut. An effective route to immunise against gut pathogens and stimulate a protective mucosal antibody response (secretory immunoglobulin A, IgA) at the infection site is the oral route. Additionally, oral immunisation generates systemic antibodies (IgG). Using this route, two different antigens were tested in the hamster model: The colonisation factor CD0873 and a TcdB fragment. Animals immunised with CD0873 generated a significantly higher titre of sIgA in intestinal fluid and IgG in serum compared to naive animals, which significantly inhibited the adherence of C. difficile to Caco-2 cells. Following challenge with a hypervirulent isolate, the CD0873-immunised group showed a mean increase of 80% in time to experimental endpoint compared to naïve animals. Survival and body condition correlated with bacterial clearance and reduced pathology in the cecum. Our findings advocate CD0873 as a promising oral vaccine candidate against C. difficile.

scholarly journals Salivary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-specific immunoglobulin A in HIV-1-exposed infants in Kenya

2008 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farquhar ◽  
T. VanCott ◽  
R. Bosire ◽  
C. Bermudez ◽  
D. Mbori-Ngacha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Specific Immunoglobulin ◽  
Hiv 1

Administration of a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine using an inactivated oil-emulsion vaccine as a vehicle for commercial chicken flocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
P. J. Groves ◽  
T. Harris ◽  
S. M. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Inactivated Vaccine ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Viral Vaccine

Since the finding that inoculating an aroA- deletion live Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine parenterally provides improved and longer-lasting protection against Salmonella colonisation of the laying-hen intestine, this administration route has been adopted by the industry. To make this method practicable and economical, mixing the live bacterial vaccine with an inactivated viral vaccine has become popular. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed designed to assess the effect on the survival of the live salmonellae and the ability to stimulate serum antibody when mixed into oil-emulsion vaccines, compared with more traditional diluents. A rapid decline in viable salmonellae was observed when mixing with an inactivated Riemerella/Pasteurella bacterin. Mixing with an inactivated viral vaccine produced a less severe and more gradual decline in viable salmonellae over time; however, there was a surprising resuscitation of the bacteria 60 min after mixing. Serum antibody 14 days after inoculation of vaccine diluted in a universal diluent rose significantly, compared with sham vaccinated birds. Birds receiving the vaccine diluted in an inactivated vaccine at the time of preparation did not show a significant serological response; however, when given 60 min post-preparation, serum antibody was significantly increased. There appeared to be a correlation of the magnitude of serum antibody produced with the number of viable salmonellae inoculated. The use of the live vaccine incorporated into an inactivated vaccine may give variable results and needs assessment before adoption.

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